YPSERV(8)

NAME
ypserv, ypbind, ypxfrd - NIS server and binder processes

SYNOPSIS
/usr/etc/ypserv [ -d ]

/usr/etc/ypbind [-s] [-ypset|-ypsetme]

ypxfrd [ -x ]

AVAILABILITY

This program is available with the Networking software installation option. Refer to for information on how to install optional software.

DESCRIPTION

The Network Information Service (NIS) provides a simple network lookup service consisting of databases and processes. The databases are dbm(3X) files in a directory tree rooted at /var/yp. These files are described in ypfiles(5). The processes are /usr/etc/ypserv, the NIS database lookup server, and /usr/etc/ypbind, the NIS binder. The programmatic interface to the NIS service is described in ypclnt(3N). Administrative tools are described in yppush(8), ypxfr(8), yppoll(8), ypwhich(8), and ypset(8). Tools to see the contents of NIS maps are described in ypcat(1), and ypmatch(1). Database generation and maintenance tools are described in ypinit(8), ypmake(8), and makedbm(8).

Both ypserv and ypbind are daemon processes typically activated at system startup time from /etc/rc.local. ypserv runs only on NIS server machines with a complete NIS database. ypbind runs on all machines using the NIS services, both NIS servers and clients.

ypxfrd transfers entire NIS maps in an efficient manner. For systems that use this daemon, map transfers will be 10 to 100 times faster, depending on the map. To use this daemon, ypxfrd should be run on a server running SunOS release 4.1. ypxfr will attempt to use ypxfrd first, if that fails, it will print a warning and then use the older transfer method.

The ypserv daemon's primary function is to look up information in its local database of NIS maps. The operations performed by ypserv are defined for the implementor by the YP Protocol Specification, and for the programmer by the header file rpcsvc/yp_prot.h. Communication to and from ypserv is by means of RPC calls. Lookup functions are described in ypclnt(3N), and are supplied as C-callable functions in the C library. There are four lookup functions, all of which are performed on a specified map within some NIS domain: match, get_first, get_next, and get_all. The match operation takes a key, and returns the associated value. The get_first operation returns the first key-value pair from the map, and get_next can be used to enumerate the remainder. get_all ships the entire map to the requester as the response to a single RPC request.

Two other functions supply information about the map, rather than map entries: get_order_number, and get_master_name. In fact, both order number and master name exist in the map as key-value pairs, but the server will not return either through the normal lookup functions. If you examine the map with makedbm(8), however, they will be visible. Other functions are used within the NIS service subsystem itself, and are not of general interest to NIS clients. They include do_you_serve_this_domain?, transfer_map, and reinitialize_internal_state.

The function of ypbind is to remember information that lets client processes on a single node communicate with some ypserv process. ypbind must run on every machine which has NIS client processes; ypserv may or may not be running on the same node, but must be running somewhere on the network.

The information ypbind remembers is called a binding — the association of a domain name with the internet address of the NIS server, and the port on that host at which the ypserv process is listening for service requests. This information is cached in the directory /var/yp/binding using a filename of domainname.version.

The process of binding is driven by client requests. As a request for an unbound domain comes in, the ypbind process broadcasts on the net trying to find a ypserv process that serves maps within that domain. Since the binding is established by broadcasting, there must be at least one ypserv process on every net. If the client is running in C2 secure mode, then ypbind will only accept bindings to servers where the ypserv process is running as root. Once a domain is bound by a particular ypbind, that same binding is given to every client process on the node. The ypbind process on the local node or a remote node may be queried for the binding of a particular domain by using the ypwhich(1) command.

Bindings and rebindings are handled transparently by the C library routines. If ypbind is unable to speak to the ypserv process it's bound to, it marks the domain as unbound, tells the client process that the domain is unbound, and tries to bind the domain once again. Requests received for an unbound domain will wait until the domain requested is bound. In general, a bound domain is marked as unbound when the node running ypserv crashes or gets overloaded. In such a case, ypbind will to bind any NIS server (typically one that is less-heavily loaded) available on the net.

ypbind also accepts requests to set its binding for a particular domain. The request is usually generated by the NIS subsystem itself. ypset(8) is a command to access the set_domain facility. It is for unsnarling messes. Note: the set_domain procedure only accepts requests from processes running as root.

OPTIONS

-d  The NIS service should go to the DNS (Domain Name Service) for more host information.

-s  Secure. When specified, only ypservers bound to a reserved port are used. This allows for a slight increase in security in completely controlled environments, where there are no computers operated by untrusted individuals. It offers no real increase in security.

-v  Do not fork when ypxfrd is called multiple times.

-ypset
    ypset(8) may be used to change the binding. This option is very dangerous, and only should be used for debugging the network from a remote machine.

-ypsetme
    ypset(8) may be issued from this machine, security is based on IP address checking, which can be defeated on network where untrusted individuals may inject packets. This option is not recommended.

FILES

If the file /var/yp/ypserv.log exists when ypserv starts up, log information will be written to this file when error conditions arise.

The file(s) /var/yp/binding/domainname.version will be created to speed up the binding process. These files cache the last successful binding created for the given domain, when a binding is requested these files are checked for validity and then used.
/var/yp
/usr/etc/ypbind

SEE ALSO
domainname(1), ypcat(1), ypmatch(1), dbm(3X), ypclnt(3N), ypfiles(5) makedbm(8), ypmake(8), ypinit(8), yppoll(8), yppush(8), ypset(8), ypwhich(8), ypxfr(8),

NOTES
Both ypbind and ypserv support multiple domains. The ypserv process determines the domains it serves by looking for directories of the same name in the directory /var/yp. It will reply to all broadcasts requesting yp service for that domain. Additionally, the ypbind process can maintain bindings to several domains and their servers, the default domain is however the one specified by the domainname(1) command at startup time.

The Network Information Service (NIS) was formerly known as Sun Yellow Pages (YP). The functionality of the two remains the same; only the name has changed. The name Yellow Pages is a registered trademark in the United Kingdom of British Telecommunications plc, and may not be used without permission.