This is Info file as.info, produced by Makeinfo version 1.67 from the
input file /dumbo/build/lsi/i386-cygwin32/src/gas/doc/as.texinfo.

START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
* As: (as).                     The GNU assembler.
END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY

   This file documents the GNU Assembler "as".

   Copyright (C) 1991, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 1997 Free Software
Foundation, Inc.

   Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
preserved on all copies.

   Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of
this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that
the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a
permission notice identical to this one.

   Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this
manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified
versions.


File: as.info,  Node: Top,  Next: Overview,  Up: (dir)

Using as
********

   This file is a user guide to the GNU assembler `as'.

* Menu:

* Overview::                    Overview
* Invoking::                    Command-Line Options
* Syntax::                      Syntax
* Sections::                    Sections and Relocation
* Symbols::                     Symbols
* Expressions::                 Expressions
* Pseudo Ops::                  Assembler Directives
* Machine Dependencies::        Machine Dependent Features
* Reporting Bugs::              Reporting Bugs
* Acknowledgements::            Who Did What
* Index::                       Index


File: as.info,  Node: Overview,  Next: Invoking,  Prev: Top,  Up: Top

Overview
********

   Here is a brief summary of how to invoke `as'.  For details, *note
Comand-Line Options: Invoking..

     as [ -a[cdhlns][=file] ] [ -D ]  [ --defsym SYM=VAL ]
      [ -f ] [ --help ] [ -I DIR ] [ -J ] [ -K ] [ -L ]
      [ -o OBJFILE ] [ -R ] [ --statistics ] [ -v ] [ -version ]
      [ --version ] [ -W ] [ -w ] [ -x ] [ -Z ]
      [ -O ]
     
      [ -Av6 | -Av7 | -Av8 | -Asparclet | -Asparclite | -Av9 | -Av9a ]
      [ -xarch=v8plus | -xarch=v8plusa ] [ -bump ]
      [ -ACA | -ACA_A | -ACB | -ACC | -AKA | -AKB | -AKC | -AMC ]
      [ -b ] [ -no-relax ]
      [ -l ] [ -m68000 | -m68010 | -m68020 | ... ]
      [ -nocpp ] [ -EL ] [ -EB ] [ -G NUM ] [ -mcpu=CPU ]
      [ -mips1 ] [ -mips2 ] [ -mips3 ] [ -m4650 ] [ -no-m4650 ]
      [ --trap ] [ --break ]
      [ --emulation=NAME ]
      [ -- | FILES ... ]

`-a[dhlns]'
     Turn on listings, in any of a variety of ways:

    `-ad'
          omit debugging directives

    `-ah'
          include high-level source

    `-al'
          include assembly

    `-an'
          omit forms processing

    `-as'
          include symbols

    `=file'
          set the name of the listing file

     You may combine these options; for example, use `-aln' for assembly
     listing without forms processing.  The `=file' option, if used,
     must be the last one.  By itself, `-a' defaults to `-ahls'--that
     is, all listings turned on.

`-D'
     Ignored.  This option is accepted for script compatibility with
     calls to other assemblers.

`--defsym SYM=VALUE'
     Define the symbol SYM to be VALUE before assembling the input file.
     VALUE must be an integer constant.  As in C, a leading `0x'
     indicates a hexadecimal value, and a leading `0' indicates an
     octal value.

`-f'
     "fast"--skip whitespace and comment preprocessing (assume source is
     compiler output).

`--help'
     Print a summary of the command line options and exit.

`-I DIR'
     Add directory DIR to the search list for `.include' directives.

`-J'
     Don't warn about signed overflow.

`-K'
     Issue warnings when difference tables altered for long
     displacements.

`-L'
     Keep (in the symbol table) local symbols, starting with `L'.

`-o OBJFILE'
     Name the object-file output from `as' OBJFILE.

`-R'
     Fold the data section into the text section.

`--statistics'
     Print the maximum space (in bytes) and total time (in seconds)
     used by assembly.

`-v'
`-version'
     Print the `as' version.

`--version'
     Print the `as' version and exit.

`-W'
     Suppress warning messages.

`-w'
     Ignored.

`-x'
     Ignored.

`-Z'
     Generate an object file even after errors.

`-- | FILES ...'
     Standard input, or source files to assemble.

   The following options are available when as is configured for a D10V
processor.
`-O'
     Optimize output by parallelizing instructions.

   The following options are available when as is configured for the
Intel 80960 processor.

`-ACA | -ACA_A | -ACB | -ACC | -AKA | -AKB | -AKC | -AMC'
     Specify which variant of the 960 architecture is the target.

`-b'
     Add code to collect statistics about branches taken.

`-no-relax'
     Do not alter compare-and-branch instructions for long
     displacements; error if necessary.

   The following options are available when as is configured for the
Motorola 68000 series.

`-l'
     Shorten references to undefined symbols, to one word instead of
     two.

`-m68000 | -m68008 | -m68010 | -m68020 | -m68030 | -m68040 | -m68060'
`| -m68302 | -m68331 | -m68332 | -m68333 | -m68340 | -mcpu32 | -m5200'
     Specify what processor in the 68000 family is the target.  The
     default is normally the 68020, but this can be changed at
     configuration time.

`-m68881 | -m68882 | -mno-68881 | -mno-68882'
     The target machine does (or does not) have a floating-point
     coprocessor.  The default is to assume a coprocessor for 68020,
     68030, and cpu32.  Although the basic 68000 is not compatible with
     the 68881, a combination of the two can be specified, since it's
     possible to do emulation of the coprocessor instructions with the
     main processor.

`-m68851 | -mno-68851'
     The target machine does (or does not) have a memory-management
     unit coprocessor.  The default is to assume an MMU for 68020 and
     up.

   The following options are available when `as' is configured for the
SPARC architecture:

`-Av6 | -Av7 | -Av8 | -Asparclet | -Asparclite | -Av9 | -Av9a'
     Explicitly select a variant of the SPARC architecture.

`-xarch=v8plus | -xarch=v8plusa'
     For compatibility with the Solaris v9 assembler.  These options are
     equivalent to -Av9 and -Av9a, respectively.

`-bump'
     Warn when the assembler switches to another architecture.

   The following options are available when as is configured for a MIPS
processor.

`-G NUM'
     This option sets the largest size of an object that can be
     referenced implicitly with the `gp' register.  It is only accepted
     for targets that use ECOFF format, such as a DECstation running
     Ultrix.  The default value is 8.

`-EB'
     Generate "big endian" format output.

`-EL'
     Generate "little endian" format output.

`-mips1'
`-mips2'
`-mips3'
     Generate code for a particular MIPS Instruction Set Architecture
     level.  `-mips1' corresponds to the R2000 and R3000 processors,
     `-mips2' to the R6000 processor, and `-mips3' to the R4000
     processor.

`-m4650'
`-no-m4650'
     Generate code for the MIPS R4650 chip.  This tells the assembler
     to accept the `mad' and `madu' instruction, and to not schedule
     `nop' instructions around accesses to the `HI' and `LO' registers.
     `-no-m4650' turns off this option.

`-mcpu=CPU'
     Generate code for a particular MIPS cpu.  This has little effect
     on the assembler, but it is passed by `gcc'.

`--emulation=NAME'
     This option causes `as' to emulated `as' configured for some other
     target, in all respects, including output format (choosing between
     ELF and ECOFF only), handling of pseudo-opcodes which may generate
     debugging information or store symbol table information, and
     default endianness.  The available configuration names are:
     `mipsecoff', `mipself', `mipslecoff', `mipsbecoff', `mipslelf',
     `mipsbelf'.  The first two do not alter the default endianness
     from that of the primary target for which the assembler was
     configured; the others change the default to little- or big-endian
     as indicated by the `b' or `l' in the name.  Using `-EB' or `-EL'
     will override the endianness selection in any case.

     This option is currently supported only when the primary target
     `as' is configured for is a MIPS ELF or ECOFF target.
     Furthermore, the primary target or others specified with
     `--enable-targets=...' at configuration time must include support
     for the other format, if both are to be available.  For example,
     the Irix 5 configuration includes support for both.

     Eventually, this option will support more configurations, with more
     fine-grained control over the assembler's behavior, and will be
     supported for more processors.

`-nocpp'
     `as' ignores this option.  It is accepted for compatibility with
     the native tools.

`--trap'
`--no-trap'
`--break'
`--no-break'
     Control how to deal with multiplication overflow and division by
     zero.  `--trap' or `--no-break' (which are synonyms) take a trap
     exception (and only work for Instruction Set Architecture level 2
     and higher); `--break' or `--no-trap' (also synonyms, and the
     default) take a break exception.

* Menu:

* Manual::                      Structure of this Manual
* GNU Assembler::               as, the GNU Assembler
* Object Formats::              Object File Formats
* Command Line::                Command Line
* Input Files::                 Input Files
* Object::                      Output (Object) File
* Errors::                      Error and Warning Messages


File: as.info,  Node: Manual,  Next: GNU Assembler,  Up: Overview

Structure of this Manual
========================

   This manual is intended to describe what you need to know to use GNU
`as'.  We cover the syntax expected in source files, including notation
for symbols, constants, and expressions; the directives that `as'
understands; and of course how to invoke `as'.

   This manual also describes some of the machine-dependent features of
various flavors of the assembler.

   On the other hand, this manual is *not* intended as an introduction
to programming in assembly language--let alone programming in general!
In a similar vein, we make no attempt to introduce the machine
architecture; we do *not* describe the instruction set, standard
mnemonics, registers or addressing modes that are standard to a
particular architecture.  You may want to consult the manufacturer's
machine architecture manual for this information.


File: as.info,  Node: GNU Assembler,  Next: Object Formats,  Prev: Manual,  Up: Overview

as, the GNU Assembler
=====================

   GNU `as' is really a family of assemblers.  If you use (or have
used) the GNU assembler on one architecture, you should find a fairly
similar environment when you use it on another architecture.  Each
version has much in common with the others, including object file
formats, most assembler directives (often called "pseudo-ops") and
assembler syntax.

   `as' is primarily intended to assemble the output of the GNU C
compiler `gcc' for use by the linker `ld'.  Nevertheless, we've tried
to make `as' assemble correctly everything that other assemblers for
the same machine would assemble.  Any exceptions are documented
explicitly (*note Machine Dependencies::.).  This doesn't mean `as'
always uses the same syntax as another assembler for the same
architecture; for example, we know of several incompatible versions of
680x0 assembly language syntax.

   Unlike older assemblers, `as' is designed to assemble a source
program in one pass of the source file.  This has a subtle impact on the
`.org' directive (*note `.org': Org.).


File: as.info,  Node: Object Formats,  Next: Command Line,  Prev: GNU Assembler,  Up: Overview

Object File Formats
===================

   The GNU assembler can be configured to produce several alternative
object file formats.  For the most part, this does not affect how you
write assembly language programs; but directives for debugging symbols
are typically different in different file formats.  *Note Symbol
Attributes: Symbol Attributes.


File: as.info,  Node: Command Line,  Next: Input Files,  Prev: Object Formats,  Up: Overview

Command Line
============

   After the program name `as', the command line may contain options
and file names.  Options may appear in any order, and may be before,
after, or between file names.  The order of file names is significant.

   `--' (two hyphens) by itself names the standard input file
explicitly, as one of the files for `as' to assemble.

   Except for `--' any command line argument that begins with a hyphen
(`-') is an option.  Each option changes the behavior of `as'.  No
option changes the way another option works.  An option is a `-'
followed by one or more letters; the case of the letter is important.
All options are optional.

   Some options expect exactly one file name to follow them.  The file
name may either immediately follow the option's letter (compatible with
older assemblers) or it may be the next command argument (GNU
standard).  These two command lines are equivalent:

     as -o my-object-file.o mumble.s
     as -omy-object-file.o mumble.s


File: as.info,  Node: Input Files,  Next: Object,  Prev: Command Line,  Up: Overview

Input Files
===========

   We use the phrase "source program", abbreviated "source", to
describe the program input to one run of `as'.  The program may be in
one or more files; how the source is partitioned into files doesn't
change the meaning of the source.

   The source program is a concatenation of the text in all the files,
in the order specified.

   Each time you run `as' it assembles exactly one source program.  The
source program is made up of one or more files.  (The standard input is
also a file.)

   You give `as' a command line that has zero or more input file names.
The input files are read (from left file name to right).  A command
line argument (in any position) that has no special meaning is taken to
be an input file name.

   If you give `as' no file names it attempts to read one input file
from the `as' standard input, which is normally your terminal.  You may
have to type <ctl-D> to tell `as' there is no more program to assemble.

   Use `--' if you need to explicitly name the standard input file in
your command line.

   If the source is empty, `as' produces a small, empty object file.

Filenames and Line-numbers
--------------------------

   There are two ways of locating a line in the input file (or files)
and either may be used in reporting error messages.  One way refers to
a line number in a physical file; the other refers to a line number in a
"logical" file.  *Note Error and Warning Messages: Errors.

   "Physical files" are those files named in the command line given to
`as'.

   "Logical files" are simply names declared explicitly by assembler
directives; they bear no relation to physical files.  Logical file names
help error messages reflect the original source file, when `as' source
is itself synthesized from other files.  *Note `.app-file': App-File.


File: as.info,  Node: Object,  Next: Errors,  Prev: Input Files,  Up: Overview

Output (Object) File
====================

   Every time you run `as' it produces an output file, which is your
assembly language program translated into numbers.  This file is the
object file.  Its default name is `a.out', or `b.out' when `as' is
configured for the Intel 80960.  You can give it another name by using
the `-o' option.  Conventionally, object file names end with `.o'.  The
default name is used for historical reasons: older assemblers were
capable of assembling self-contained programs directly into a runnable
program.  (For some formats, this isn't currently possible, but it can
be done for the `a.out' format.)

   The object file is meant for input to the linker `ld'.  It contains
assembled program code, information to help `ld' integrate the
assembled program into a runnable file, and (optionally) symbolic
information for the debugger.


File: as.info,  Node: Errors,  Prev: Object,  Up: Overview

Error and Warning Messages
==========================

   `as' may write warnings and error messages to the standard error
file (usually your terminal).  This should not happen when  a compiler
runs `as' automatically.  Warnings report an assumption made so that
`as' could keep assembling a flawed program; errors report a grave
problem that stops the assembly.

   Warning messages have the format

     file_name:NNN:Warning Message Text

(where NNN is a line number).  If a logical file name has been given
(*note `.app-file': App-File.) it is used for the filename, otherwise
the name of the current input file is used.  If a logical line number
was given (*note `.line': Line.) then it is used to calculate the
number printed, otherwise the actual line in the current source file is
printed.  The message text is intended to be self explanatory (in the
grand Unix tradition).

   Error messages have the format
     file_name:NNN:FATAL:Error Message Text
   The file name and line number are derived as for warning messages.
The actual message text may be rather less explanatory because many of
them aren't supposed to happen.


File: as.info,  Node: Invoking,  Next: Syntax,  Prev: Overview,  Up: Top

Command-Line Options
********************

   This chapter describes command-line options available in *all*
versions of the GNU assembler; *note Machine Dependencies::., for
options specific to particular machine architectures.

   If you are invoking `as' via the GNU C compiler (version 2), you can
use the `-Wa' option to pass arguments through to the assembler.  The
assembler arguments must be separated from each other (and the `-Wa')
by commas.  For example:

     gcc -c -g -O -Wa,-alh,-L file.c

emits a listing to standard output with high-level and assembly source.

   Usually you do not need to use this `-Wa' mechanism, since many
compiler command-line options are automatically passed to the assembler
by the compiler.  (You can call the GNU compiler driver with the `-v'
option to see precisely what options it passes to each compilation
pass, including the assembler.)

* Menu:

* a::             -a[cdhlns] enable listings
* D::             -D for compatibility
* f::             -f to work faster
* I::             -I for .include search path

* K::             -K for difference tables

* L::             -L to retain local labels
* M::		  -M or -mri to assemble in MRI compatibility mode
* o::             -o to name the object file
* R::             -R to join data and text sections
* statistics::    -statistics to see statistics about assembly
* v::             -v to announce version
* W::             -W to suppress warnings
* Z::             -Z to make object file even after errors


File: as.info,  Node: a,  Next: D,  Up: Invoking

Enable Listings: `-a[cdhlns]'
=============================

   These options enable listing output from the assembler.  By itself,
`-a' requests high-level, assembly, and symbols listing.  You can use
other letters to select specific options for the list: `-ah' requests a
high-level language listing, `-al' requests an output-program assembly
listing, and `-as' requests a symbol table listing.  High-level
listings require that a compiler debugging option like `-g' be used,
and that assembly listings (`-al') be requested also.

   Use the `-ac' option to omit false conditionals from a listing.  Any
lines which are not assembled because of a false `.if' (or `.ifdef', or
any other conditional), or a true `.if' followed by an `.else', will be
omitted from the listing.

   Use the `-ad' option to omit debugging directives from the listing.

   Once you have specified one of these options, you can further control
listing output and its appearance using the directives `.list',
`.nolist', `.psize', `.eject', `.title', and `.sbttl'.  The `-an'
option turns off all forms processing.  If you do not request listing
output with one of the `-a' options, the listing-control directives
have no effect.

   The letters after `-a' may be combined into one option, *e.g.*,
`-aln'.


File: as.info,  Node: D,  Next: f,  Prev: a,  Up: Invoking

`-D'
====

   This option has no effect whatsoever, but it is accepted to make it
more likely that scripts written for other assemblers also work with
`as'.


File: as.info,  Node: f,  Next: I,  Prev: D,  Up: Invoking

Work Faster: `-f'
=================

   `-f' should only be used when assembling programs written by a
(trusted) compiler.  `-f' stops the assembler from doing whitespace and
comment preprocessing on the input file(s) before assembling them.
*Note Preprocessing: Preprocessing.

     *Warning:* if you use `-f' when the files actually need to be
     preprocessed (if they contain comments, for example), `as' does
     not work correctly.


File: as.info,  Node: I,  Next: K,  Prev: f,  Up: Invoking

`.include' search path: `-I' PATH
=================================

   Use this option to add a PATH to the list of directories `as'
searches for files specified in `.include' directives (*note
`.include': Include.).  You may use `-I' as many times as necessary to
include a variety of paths.  The current working directory is always
searched first; after that, `as' searches any `-I' directories in the
same order as they were specified (left to right) on the command line.


File: as.info,  Node: K,  Next: L,  Prev: I,  Up: Invoking

Difference Tables: `-K'
=======================

   `as' sometimes alters the code emitted for directives of the form
`.word SYM1-SYM2'; *note `.word': Word..  You can use the `-K' option
if you want a warning issued when this is done.


File: as.info,  Node: L,  Next: M,  Prev: K,  Up: Invoking

Include Local Labels: `-L'
==========================

   Labels beginning with `L' (upper case only) are called "local
labels". *Note Symbol Names::.  Normally you do not see such labels when
debugging, because they are intended for the use of programs (like
compilers) that compose assembler programs, not for your notice.
Normally both `as' and `ld' discard such labels, so you do not normally
debug with them.

   This option tells `as' to retain those `L...' symbols in the object
file.  Usually if you do this you also tell the linker `ld' to preserve
symbols whose names begin with `L'.

   By default, a local label is any label beginning with `L', but each
target is allowed to redefine the local label prefix.  On the HPPA
local labels begin with `L$'.


File: as.info,  Node: M,  Next: o,  Prev: L,  Up: Invoking

Assemble in MRI Compatibility Mode: `-M'
========================================

   The `-M' or `--mri' option selects MRI compatibility mode.  This
changes the syntax and pseudo-op handling of `as' to make it compatible
with the `ASM68K' or the `ASM960' (depending upon the configured
target) assembler from Microtec Research.  The exact nature of the MRI
syntax will not be documented here; see the MRI manuals for more
information.  Note in particular that the handling of macros and macro
arguments is somewhat different.  The purpose of this option is to
permit assembling existing MRI assembler code using `as'.

   The MRI compatibility is not complete.  Certain operations of the
MRI assembler depend upon its object file format, and can not be
supported using other object file formats.  Supporting these would
require enhancing each object file format individually.  These are:

   * global symbols in common section

     The m68k MRI assembler supports common sections which are merged
     by the linker.  Other object file formats do not support this.
     `as' handles common sections by treating them as a single common
     symbol.  It permits local symbols to be defined within a common
     section, but it can not support global symbols, since it has no
     way to describe them.

   * complex relocations

     The MRI assemblers support relocations against a negated section
     address, and relocations which combine the start addresses of two
     or more sections.  These are not support by other object file
     formats.

   * `END' pseudo-op specifying start address

     The MRI `END' pseudo-op permits the specification of a start
     address.  This is not supported by other object file formats.  The
     start address may instead be specified using the `-e' option to
     the linker, or in a linker script.

   * `IDNT', `.ident' and `NAME' pseudo-ops

     The MRI `IDNT', `.ident' and `NAME' pseudo-ops assign a module
     name to the output file.  This is not supported by other object
     file formats.

   * `ORG' pseudo-op

     The m68k MRI `ORG' pseudo-op begins an absolute section at a given
     address.  This differs from the usual `as' `.org' pseudo-op, which
     changes the location within the current section.  Absolute
     sections are not supported by other object file formats.  The
     address of a section may be assigned within a linker script.

   There are some other features of the MRI assembler which are not
supported by `as', typically either because they are difficult or
because they seem of little consequence.  Some of these may be
supported in future releases.

   * EBCDIC strings

     EBCDIC strings are not supported.

   * packed binary coded decimal

     Packed binary coded decimal is not supported.  This means that the
     `DC.P' and `DCB.P' pseudo-ops are not supported.

   * `FEQU' pseudo-op

     The m68k `FEQU' pseudo-op is not supported.

   * `NOOBJ' pseudo-op

     The m68k `NOOBJ' pseudo-op is not supported.

   * `OPT' branch control options

     The m68k `OPT' branch control options--`B', `BRS', `BRB', `BRL',
     and `BRW'--are ignored.  `as' automatically relaxes all branches,
     whether forward or backward, to an appropriate size, so these
     options serve no purpose.

   * `OPT' list control options

     The following m68k `OPT' list control options are ignored: `C',
     `CEX', `CL', `CRE', `E', `G', `I', `M', `MEX', `MC', `MD', `X'.

   * other `OPT' options

     The following m68k `OPT' options are ignored: `NEST', `O', `OLD',
     `OP', `P', `PCO', `PCR', `PCS', `R'.

   * `OPT' `D' option is default

     The m68k `OPT' `D' option is the default, unlike the MRI assembler.
     `OPT NOD' may be used to turn it off.

   * `XREF' pseudo-op.

     The m68k `XREF' pseudo-op is ignored.

   * `.debug' pseudo-op

     The i960 `.debug' pseudo-op is not supported.

   * `.extended' pseudo-op

     The i960 `.extended' pseudo-op is not supported.

   * `.list' pseudo-op.

     The various options of the i960 `.list' pseudo-op are not
     supported.

   * `.optimize' pseudo-op

     The i960 `.optimize' pseudo-op is not supported.

   * `.output' pseudo-op

     The i960 `.output' pseudo-op is not supported.

   * `.setreal' pseudo-op

     The i960 `.setreal' pseudo-op is not supported.


File: as.info,  Node: o,  Next: R,  Prev: M,  Up: Invoking

Name the Object File: `-o'
==========================

   There is always one object file output when you run `as'.  By
default it has the name `a.out' (or `b.out', for Intel 960 targets
only).  You use this option (which takes exactly one filename) to give
the object file a different name.

   Whatever the object file is called, `as' overwrites any existing
file of the same name.


File: as.info,  Node: R,  Next: statistics,  Prev: o,  Up: Invoking

Join Data and Text Sections: `-R'
=================================

   `-R' tells `as' to write the object file as if all data-section data
lives in the text section.  This is only done at the very last moment:
your binary data are the same, but data section parts are relocated
differently.  The data section part of your object file is zero bytes
long because all its bytes are appended to the text section.  (*Note
Sections and Relocation: Sections.)

   When you specify `-R' it would be possible to generate shorter
address displacements (because we do not have to cross between text and
data section).  We refrain from doing this simply for compatibility with
older versions of `as'.  In future, `-R' may work this way.

   When `as' is configured for COFF output, this option is only useful
if you use sections named `.text' and `.data'.

   `-R' is not supported for any of the HPPA targets.  Using `-R'
generates a warning from `as'.


File: as.info,  Node: statistics,  Next: v,  Prev: R,  Up: Invoking

Display Assembly Statistics: `--statistics'
===========================================

   Use `--statistics' to display two statistics about the resources
used by `as': the maximum amount of space allocated during the assembly
(in bytes), and the total execution time taken for the assembly (in CPU
seconds).


File: as.info,  Node: v,  Next: W,  Prev: statistics,  Up: Invoking

Announce Version: `-v'
======================

   You can find out what version of as is running by including the
option `-v' (which you can also spell as `-version') on the command
line.


File: as.info,  Node: W,  Next: Z,  Prev: v,  Up: Invoking

Suppress Warnings: `-W'
=======================

   `as' should never give a warning or error message when assembling
compiler output.  But programs written by people often cause `as' to
give a warning that a particular assumption was made.  All such
warnings are directed to the standard error file.  If you use this
option, no warnings are issued.  This option only affects the warning
messages: it does not change any particular of how `as' assembles your
file.  Errors, which stop the assembly, are still reported.


File: as.info,  Node: Z,  Prev: W,  Up: Invoking

Generate Object File in Spite of Errors: `-Z'
=============================================

   After an error message, `as' normally produces no output.  If for
some reason you are interested in object file output even after `as'
gives an error message on your program, use the `-Z' option.  If there
are any errors, `as' continues anyways, and writes an object file after
a final warning message of the form `N errors, M warnings, generating
bad object file.'


File: as.info,  Node: Syntax,  Next: Sections,  Prev: Invoking,  Up: Top

Syntax
******

   This chapter describes the machine-independent syntax allowed in a
source file.  `as' syntax is similar to what many other assemblers use;
it is inspired by the BSD 4.2 assembler, except that `as' does not
assemble Vax bit-fields.

* Menu:

* Preprocessing::              Preprocessing
* Whitespace::                  Whitespace
* Comments::                    Comments
* Symbol Intro::                Symbols
* Statements::                  Statements
* Constants::                   Constants


File: as.info,  Node: Preprocessing,  Next: Whitespace,  Up: Syntax

Preprocessing
=============

   The `as' internal preprocessor:
   * adjusts and removes extra whitespace.  It leaves one space or tab
     before the keywords on a line, and turns any other whitespace on
     the line into a single space.

   * removes all comments, replacing them with a single space, or an
     appropriate number of newlines.

   * converts character constants into the appropriate numeric values.

   It does not do macro processing, include file handling, or anything
else you may get from your C compiler's preprocessor.  You can do
include file processing with the `.include' directive (*note
`.include': Include.).  You can use the GNU C compiler driver to get
other "CPP" style preprocessing, by giving the input file a `.S'
suffix.  *Note Options Controlling the Kind of Output:
(gcc.info)Overall Options.

   Excess whitespace, comments, and character constants cannot be used
in the portions of the input text that are not preprocessed.

   If the first line of an input file is `#NO_APP' or if you use the
`-f' option, whitespace and comments are not removed from the input
file.  Within an input file, you can ask for whitespace and comment
removal in specific portions of the by putting a line that says `#APP'
before the text that may contain whitespace or comments, and putting a
line that says `#NO_APP' after this text.  This feature is mainly
intend to support `asm' statements in compilers whose output is
otherwise free of comments and whitespace.


File: as.info,  Node: Whitespace,  Next: Comments,  Prev: Preprocessing,  Up: Syntax

Whitespace
==========

   "Whitespace" is one or more blanks or tabs, in any order.
Whitespace is used to separate symbols, and to make programs neater for
people to read.  Unless within character constants (*note Character
Constants: Characters.), any whitespace means the same as exactly one
space.


File: as.info,  Node: Comments,  Next: Symbol Intro,  Prev: Whitespace,  Up: Syntax

Comments
========

   There are two ways of rendering comments to `as'.  In both cases the
comment is equivalent to one space.

   Anything from `/*' through the next `*/' is a comment.  This means
you may not nest these comments.

     /*
       The only way to include a newline ('\n') in a comment
       is to use this sort of comment.
     */
     
     /* This sort of comment does not nest. */

   Anything from the "line comment" character to the next newline is
considered a comment and is ignored.  The line comment character is `;'
for the AMD 29K family; `;' for the H8/300 family; `!' for the H8/500
family; `;' for the HPPA; `#' on the i960; `!' for the Hitachi SH; `!'
on the SPARC; `|' on the 680x0; `#' on the Vax; `!' for the Z8000; see
*Note Machine Dependencies::.

   On some machines there are two different line comment characters.
One character only begins a comment if it is the first non-whitespace
character on a line, while the other always begins a comment.

   To be compatible with past assemblers, lines that begin with `#'
have a special interpretation.  Following the `#' should be an absolute
expression (*note Expressions::.): the logical line number of the *next*
line.  Then a string (*note Strings: Strings.) is allowed: if present
it is a new logical file name.  The rest of the line, if any, should be
whitespace.

   If the first non-whitespace characters on the line are not numeric,
the line is ignored.  (Just like a comment.)

                               # This is an ordinary comment.
     # 42-6 "new_file_name"    # New logical file name
                               # This is logical line # 36.
   This feature is deprecated, and may disappear from future versions
of `as'.


File: as.info,  Node: Symbol Intro,  Next: Statements,  Prev: Comments,  Up: Syntax

Symbols
=======

   A "symbol" is one or more characters chosen from the set of all
letters (both upper and lower case), digits and the three characters
`_.$'.  On most machines, you can also use `$' in symbol names;
exceptions are noted in *Note Machine Dependencies::.  No symbol may
begin with a digit.  Case is significant.  There is no length limit:
all characters are significant.  Symbols are delimited by characters
not in that set, or by the beginning of a file (since the source
program must end with a newline, the end of a file is not a possible
symbol delimiter).  *Note Symbols::.


File: as.info,  Node: Statements,  Next: Constants,  Prev: Symbol Intro,  Up: Syntax

Statements
==========

   A "statement" ends at a newline character (`\n') or line separator
character.  (The line separator is usually `;', unless this conflicts
with the comment character; *note Machine Dependencies::..)  The
newline or separator character is considered part of the preceding
statement.  Newlines and separators within character constants are an
exception: they do not end statements.

   It is an error to end any statement with end-of-file:  the last
character of any input file should be a newline.

   You may write a statement on more than one line if you put a
backslash (`\') immediately in front of any newlines within the
statement.  When `as' reads a backslashed newline both characters are
ignored.  You can even put backslashed newlines in the middle of symbol
names without changing the meaning of your source program.

   An empty statement is allowed, and may include whitespace.  It is
ignored.

   A statement begins with zero or more labels, optionally followed by a
key symbol which determines what kind of statement it is.  The key
symbol determines the syntax of the rest of the statement.  If the
symbol begins with a dot `.' then the statement is an assembler
directive: typically valid for any computer.  If the symbol begins with
a letter the statement is an assembly language "instruction": it
assembles into a machine language instruction.  Different versions of
`as' for different computers recognize different instructions.  In
fact, the same symbol may represent a different instruction in a
different computer's assembly language.

   A label is a symbol immediately followed by a colon (`:').
Whitespace before a label or after a colon is permitted, but you may not
have whitespace between a label's symbol and its colon. *Note Labels::.

   For HPPA targets, labels need not be immediately followed by a
colon, but the definition of a label must begin in column zero.  This
also implies that only one label may be defined on each line.

     label:     .directive    followed by something
     another_label:           # This is an empty statement.
                instruction   operand_1, operand_2, ...


File: as.info,  Node: Constants,  Prev: Statements,  Up: Syntax

Constants
=========

   A constant is a number, written so that its value is known by
inspection, without knowing any context.  Like this:
     .byte  74, 0112, 092, 0x4A, 0X4a, 'J, '\J # All the same value.
     .ascii "Ring the bell\7"                  # A string constant.
     .octa  0x123456789abcdef0123456789ABCDEF0 # A bignum.
     .float 0f-314159265358979323846264338327\
     95028841971.693993751E-40                 # - pi, a flonum.

* Menu:

* Characters::                  Character Constants
* Numbers::                     Number Constants


File: as.info,  Node: Characters,  Next: Numbers,  Up: Constants

Character Constants
-------------------

   There are two kinds of character constants.  A "character" stands
for one character in one byte and its value may be used in numeric
expressions.  String constants (properly called string *literals*) are
potentially many bytes and their values may not be used in arithmetic
expressions.

* Menu:

* Strings::                     Strings
* Chars::                       Characters


File: as.info,  Node: Strings,  Next: Chars,  Up: Characters

Strings
.......

   A "string" is written between double-quotes.  It may contain
double-quotes or null characters.  The way to get special characters
into a string is to "escape" these characters: precede them with a
backslash `\' character.  For example `\\' represents one backslash:
the first `\' is an escape which tells `as' to interpret the second
character literally as a backslash (which prevents `as' from
recognizing the second `\' as an escape character).  The complete list
of escapes follows.

`\b'
     Mnemonic for backspace; for ASCII this is octal code 010.

`\f'
     Mnemonic for FormFeed; for ASCII this is octal code 014.

`\n'
     Mnemonic for newline; for ASCII this is octal code 012.

`\r'
     Mnemonic for carriage-Return; for ASCII this is octal code 015.

`\t'
     Mnemonic for horizontal Tab; for ASCII this is octal code 011.

`\ DIGIT DIGIT DIGIT'
     An octal character code.  The numeric code is 3 octal digits.  For
     compatibility with other Unix systems, 8 and 9 are accepted as
     digits: for example, `\008' has the value 010, and `\009' the
     value 011.

`\`x' HEX-DIGITS...'
     A hex character code.  All trailing hex digits are combined.
     Either upper or lower case `x' works.

`\\'
     Represents one `\' character.

`\"'
     Represents one `"' character.  Needed in strings to represent this
     character, because an unescaped `"' would end the string.

`\ ANYTHING-ELSE'
     Any other character when escaped by `\' gives a warning, but
     assembles as if the `\' was not present.  The idea is that if you
     used an escape sequence you clearly didn't want the literal
     interpretation of the following character.  However `as' has no
     other interpretation, so `as' knows it is giving you the wrong
     code and warns you of the fact.

   Which characters are escapable, and what those escapes represent,
varies widely among assemblers.  The current set is what we think the
BSD 4.2 assembler recognizes, and is a subset of what most C compilers
recognize.  If you are in doubt, do not use an escape sequence.


File: as.info,  Node: Chars,  Prev: Strings,  Up: Characters

Characters
..........

   A single character may be written as a single quote immediately
followed by that character.  The same escapes apply to characters as to
strings.  So if you want to write the character backslash, you must
write `'\\' where the first `\' escapes the second `\'.  As you can
see, the quote is an acute accent, not a grave accent.  A newline
immediately following an acute accent is taken as a literal character
and does not count as the end of a statement.  The value of a character
constant in a numeric expression is the machine's byte-wide code for
that character.  `as' assumes your character code is ASCII: `'A' means
65, `'B' means 66, and so on.


File: as.info,  Node: Numbers,  Prev: Characters,  Up: Constants

Number Constants
----------------

   `as' distinguishes three kinds of numbers according to how they are
stored in the target machine.  *Integers* are numbers that would fit
into an `int' in the C language.  *Bignums* are integers, but they are
stored in more than 32 bits.  *Flonums* are floating point numbers,
described below.

* Menu:

* Integers::                    Integers
* Bignums::                     Bignums
* Flonums::                     Flonums


File: as.info,  Node: Integers,  Next: Bignums,  Up: Numbers

Integers
........

   A binary integer is `0b' or `0B' followed by zero or more of the
binary digits `01'.

   An octal integer is `0' followed by zero or more of the octal digits
(`01234567').

   A decimal integer starts with a non-zero digit followed by zero or
more digits (`0123456789').

   A hexadecimal integer is `0x' or `0X' followed by one or more
hexadecimal digits chosen from `0123456789abcdefABCDEF'.

   Integers have the usual values.  To denote a negative integer, use
the prefix operator `-' discussed under expressions (*note Prefix
Operators: Prefix Ops.).


File: as.info,  Node: Bignums,  Next: Flonums,  Prev: Integers,  Up: Numbers

Bignums
.......

   A "bignum" has the same syntax and semantics as an integer except
that the number (or its negative) takes more than 32 bits to represent
in binary.  The distinction is made because in some places integers are
permitted while bignums are not.


File: as.info,  Node: Flonums,  Prev: Bignums,  Up: Numbers

Flonums
.......

   A "flonum" represents a floating point number.  The translation is
indirect: a decimal floating point number from the text is converted by
`as' to a generic binary floating point number of more than sufficient
precision.  This generic floating point number is converted to a
particular computer's floating point format (or formats) by a portion
of `as' specialized to that computer.

   A flonum is written by writing (in order)
   * The digit `0'.  (`0' is optional on the HPPA.)

   * A letter, to tell `as' the rest of the number is a flonum.  `e' is
     recommended.  Case is not important.

     On the H8/300, H8/500, Hitachi SH, and AMD 29K architectures, the
     letter must be one of the letters `DFPRSX' (in upper or lower
     case).

     On the Intel 960 architecture, the letter must be one of the
     letters `DFT' (in upper or lower case).

     On the HPPA architecture, the letter must be `E' (upper case only).

   * An optional sign: either `+' or `-'.

   * An optional "integer part": zero or more decimal digits.

   * An optional "fractional part": `.' followed by zero or more
     decimal digits.

   * An optional exponent, consisting of:

        * An `E' or `e'.

        * Optional sign: either `+' or `-'.

        * One or more decimal digits.

   At least one of the integer part or the fractional part must be
present.  The floating point number has the usual base-10 value.

   `as' does all processing using integers.  Flonums are computed
independently of any floating point hardware in the computer running
`as'.


File: as.info,  Node: Sections,  Next: Symbols,  Prev: Syntax,  Up: Top

Sections and Relocation
***********************

* Menu:

* Secs Background::             Background
* Ld Sections::                 ld Sections
* As Sections::                 as Internal Sections
* Sub-Sections::                Sub-Sections
* bss::                         bss Section


File: as.info,  Node: Secs Background,  Next: Ld Sections,  Up: Sections

Background
==========

   Roughly, a section is a range of addresses, with no gaps; all data
"in" those addresses is treated the same for some particular purpose.
For example there may be a "read only" section.

   The linker `ld' reads many object files (partial programs) and
combines their contents to form a runnable program.  When `as' emits an
object file, the partial program is assumed to start at address 0.
`ld' assigns the final addresses for the partial program, so that
different partial programs do not overlap.  This is actually an
oversimplification, but it suffices to explain how `as' uses sections.

   `ld' moves blocks of bytes of your program to their run-time
addresses.  These blocks slide to their run-time addresses as rigid
units; their length does not change and neither does the order of bytes
within them.  Such a rigid unit is called a *section*.  Assigning
run-time addresses to sections is called "relocation".  It includes the
task of adjusting mentions of object-file addresses so they refer to
the proper run-time addresses.  For the H8/300 and H8/500, and for the
Hitachi SH, `as' pads sections if needed to ensure they end on a word
(sixteen bit) boundary.

   An object file written by `as' has at least three sections, any of
which may be empty.  These are named "text", "data" and "bss" sections.

   When it generates COFF output, `as' can also generate whatever other
named sections you specify using the `.section' directive (*note
`.section': Section.).  If you do not use any directives that place
output in the `.text' or `.data' sections, these sections still exist,
but are empty.

   When `as' generates SOM or ELF output for the HPPA, `as' can also
generate whatever other named sections you specify using the `.space'
and `.subspace' directives.  See `HP9000 Series 800 Assembly Language
Reference Manual' (HP 92432-90001) for details on the `.space' and
`.subspace' assembler directives.

   Additionally, `as' uses different names for the standard text, data,
and bss sections when generating SOM output.  Program text is placed
into the `$CODE$' section, data into `$DATA$', and BSS into `$BSS$'.

   Within the object file, the text section starts at address `0', the
data section follows, and the bss section follows the data section.

   When generating either SOM or ELF output files on the HPPA, the text
section starts at address `0', the data section at address `0x4000000',
and the bss section follows the data section.

   To let `ld' know which data changes when the sections are relocated,
and how to change that data, `as' also writes to the object file
details of the relocation needed.  To perform relocation `ld' must
know, each time an address in the object file is mentioned:
   * Where in the object file is the beginning of this reference to an
     address?

   * How long (in bytes) is this reference?

   * Which section does the address refer to?  What is the numeric
     value of
          (ADDRESS) - (START-ADDRESS OF SECTION)?

   * Is the reference to an address "Program-Counter relative"?

   In fact, every address `as' ever uses is expressed as
     (SECTION) + (OFFSET INTO SECTION)

Further, most expressions `as' computes have this section-relative
nature.  (For some object formats, such as SOM for the HPPA, some
expressions are symbol-relative instead.)

   In this manual we use the notation {SECNAME N} to mean "offset N
into section SECNAME."

   Apart from text, data and bss sections you need to know about the
"absolute" section.  When `ld' mixes partial programs, addresses in the
absolute section remain unchanged.  For example, address `{absolute 0}'
is "relocated" to run-time address 0 by `ld'.  Although the linker
never arranges two partial programs' data sections with overlapping
addresses after linking, *by definition* their absolute sections must
overlap.  Address `{absolute 239}' in one part of a program is always
the same address when the program is running as address `{absolute
239}' in any other part of the program.

   The idea of sections is extended to the "undefined" section.  Any
address whose section is unknown at assembly time is by definition
rendered {undefined U}--where U is filled in later.  Since numbers are
always defined, the only way to generate an undefined address is to
mention an undefined symbol.  A reference to a named common block would
be such a symbol: its value is unknown at assembly time so it has
section *undefined*.

   By analogy the word *section* is used to describe groups of sections
in the linked program.  `ld' puts all partial programs' text sections
in contiguous addresses in the linked program.  It is customary to
refer to the *text section* of a program, meaning all the addresses of
all partial programs' text sections.  Likewise for data and bss
sections.

   Some sections are manipulated by `ld'; others are invented for use
of `as' and have no meaning except during assembly.


File: as.info,  Node: Ld Sections,  Next: As Sections,  Prev: Secs Background,  Up: Sections

ld Sections
===========

   `ld' deals with just four kinds of sections, summarized below.

*named sections*
*text section*
*data section*
     These sections hold your program.  `as' and `ld' treat them as
     separate but equal sections.  Anything you can say of one section
     is true another.  When the program is running, however, it is
     customary for the text section to be unalterable.  The text
     section is often shared among processes: it contains instructions,
     constants and the like.  The data section of a running program is
     usually alterable: for example, C variables would be stored in the
     data section.

*bss section*
     This section contains zeroed bytes when your program begins
     running.  It is used to hold unitialized variables or common
     storage.  The length of each partial program's bss section is
     important, but because it starts out containing zeroed bytes there
     is no need to store explicit zero bytes in the object file.  The
     bss section was invented to eliminate those explicit zeros from
     object files.

*absolute section*
     Address 0 of this section is always "relocated" to runtime address
     0.  This is useful if you want to refer to an address that `ld'
     must not change when relocating.  In this sense we speak of
     absolute addresses being "unrelocatable": they do not change
     during relocation.

*undefined section*
     This "section" is a catch-all for address references to objects
     not in the preceding sections.

   An idealized example of three relocatable sections follows.  The
example uses the traditional section names `.text' and `.data'.  Memory
addresses are on the horizontal axis.

                           +-----+----+--+
     partial program # 1:  |ttttt|dddd|00|
                           +-----+----+--+
     
                           text   data bss
                           seg.   seg. seg.
     
                           +---+---+---+
     partial program # 2:  |TTT|DDD|000|
                           +---+---+---+
     
                           +--+---+-----+--+----+---+-----+~~
     linked program:       |  |TTT|ttttt|  |dddd|DDD|00000|
                           +--+---+-----+--+----+---+-----+~~
     
         addresses:        0 ...


File: as.info,  Node: As Sections,  Next: Sub-Sections,  Prev: Ld Sections,  Up: Sections

as Internal Sections
====================

   These sections are meant only for the internal use of `as'.  They
have no meaning at run-time.  You do not really need to know about these
sections for most purposes; but they can be mentioned in `as' warning
messages, so it might be helpful to have an idea of their meanings to
`as'.  These sections are used to permit the value of every expression
in your assembly language program to be a section-relative address.

ASSEMBLER-INTERNAL-LOGIC-ERROR!
     An internal assembler logic error has been found.  This means
     there is a bug in the assembler.

expr section
     The assembler stores complex expression internally as combinations
     of symbols.  When it needs to represent an expression as a symbol,
     it puts it in the expr section.


File: as.info,  Node: Sub-Sections,  Next: bss,  Prev: As Sections,  Up: Sections

Sub-Sections
============

   Assembled bytes conventionally fall into two sections: text and data.
You may have separate groups of data in named sections that you want to
end up near to each other in the object file, even though they are not
contiguous in the assembler source.  `as' allows you to use
"subsections" for this purpose.  Within each section, there can be
numbered subsections with values from 0 to 8192.  Objects assembled
into the same subsection go into the object file together with other
objects in the same subsection.  For example, a compiler might want to
store constants in the text section, but might not want to have them
interspersed with the program being assembled.  In this case, the
compiler could issue a `.text 0' before each section of code being
output, and a `.text 1' before each group of constants being output.

   Subsections are optional.  If you do not use subsections, everything
goes in subsection number zero.

   Each subsection is zero-padded up to a multiple of four bytes.
(Subsections may be padded a different amount on different flavors of
`as'.)

   Subsections appear in your object file in numeric order, lowest
numbered to highest.  (All this to be compatible with other people's
assemblers.) The object file contains no representation of subsections;
`ld' and other programs that manipulate object files see no trace of
them.  They just see all your text subsections as a text section, and
all your data subsections as a data section.

   To specify which subsection you want subsequent statements assembled
into, use a numeric argument to specify it, in a `.text EXPRESSION' or
a `.data EXPRESSION' statement.  When generating COFF output, you can
also use an extra subsection argument with arbitrary named sections:
`.section NAME, EXPRESSION'.  EXPRESSION should be an absolute
expression.  (*Note Expressions::.)  If you just say `.text' then
`.text 0' is assumed.  Likewise `.data' means `.data 0'.  Assembly
begins in `text 0'.  For instance:
     .text 0     # The default subsection is text 0 anyway.
     .ascii "This lives in the first text subsection. *"
     .text 1
     .ascii "But this lives in the second text subsection."
     .data 0
     .ascii "This lives in the data section,"
     .ascii "in the first data subsection."
     .text 0
     .ascii "This lives in the first text section,"
     .ascii "immediately following the asterisk (*)."

   Each section has a "location counter" incremented by one for every
byte assembled into that section.  Because subsections are merely a
convenience restricted to `as' there is no concept of a subsection
location counter.  There is no way to directly manipulate a location
counter--but the `.align' directive changes it, and any label
definition captures its current value.  The location counter of the
section where statements are being assembled is said to be the "active"
location counter.


File: as.info,  Node: bss,  Prev: Sub-Sections,  Up: Sections

bss Section
===========

   The bss section is used for local common variable storage.  You may
allocate address space in the bss section, but you may not dictate data
to load into it before your program executes.  When your program starts
running, all the contents of the bss section are zeroed bytes.

   Addresses in the bss section are allocated with special directives;
you may not assemble anything directly into the bss section.  Hence
there are no bss subsections. *Note `.comm': Comm, *note `.lcomm':
Lcomm..


File: as.info,  Node: Symbols,  Next: Expressions,  Prev: Sections,  Up: Top

Symbols
*******

   Symbols are a central concept: the programmer uses symbols to name
things, the linker uses symbols to link, and the debugger uses symbols
to debug.

     *Warning:* `as' does not place symbols in the object file in the
     same order they were declared.  This may break some debuggers.

* Menu:

* Labels::                      Labels
* Setting Symbols::             Giving Symbols Other Values
* Symbol Names::                Symbol Names
* Dot::                         The Special Dot Symbol
* Symbol Attributes::           Symbol Attributes


File: as.info,  Node: Labels,  Next: Setting Symbols,  Up: Symbols

Labels
======

   A "label" is written as a symbol immediately followed by a colon
`:'.  The symbol then represents the current value of the active
location counter, and is, for example, a suitable instruction operand.
You are warned if you use the same symbol to represent two different
locations: the first definition overrides any other definitions.

   On the HPPA, the usual form for a label need not be immediately
followed by a colon, but instead must start in column zero.  Only one
label may be defined on a single line.  To work around this, the HPPA
version of `as' also provides a special directive `.label' for defining
labels more flexibly.


File: as.info,  Node: Setting Symbols,  Next: Symbol Names,  Prev: Labels,  Up: Symbols

Giving Symbols Other Values
===========================

   A symbol can be given an arbitrary value by writing a symbol,
followed by an equals sign `=', followed by an expression (*note
Expressions::.).  This is equivalent to using the `.set' directive.
*Note `.set': Set.


File: as.info,  Node: Symbol Names,  Next: Dot,  Prev: Setting Symbols,  Up: Symbols

Symbol Names
============

   Symbol names begin with a letter or with one of `._'.  On most
machines, you can also use `$' in symbol names; exceptions are noted in
*Note Machine Dependencies::.  That character may be followed by any
string of digits, letters, dollar signs (unless otherwise noted in
*Note Machine Dependencies::), and underscores.  For the AMD 29K
family, `?' is also allowed in the body of a symbol name, though not at
its beginning.

   Case of letters is significant: `foo' is a different symbol name
than `Foo'.

   Each symbol has exactly one name.  Each name in an assembly language
program refers to exactly one symbol.  You may use that symbol name any
number of times in a program.

Local Symbol Names
------------------

   Local symbols help compilers and programmers use names temporarily.
There are ten local symbol names, which are re-used throughout the
program.  You may refer to them using the names `0' `1' ... `9'.  To
define a local symbol, write a label of the form `N:' (where N
represents any digit).  To refer to the most recent previous definition
of that symbol write `Nb', using the same digit as when you defined the
label.  To refer to the next definition of a local label, write
`Nf'--where N gives you a choice of 10 forward references.  The `b'
stands for "backwards" and the `f' stands for "forwards".

   Local symbols are not emitted by the current GNU C compiler.

   There is no restriction on how you can use these labels, but
remember that at any point in the assembly you can refer to at most 10
prior local labels and to at most 10 forward local labels.

   Local symbol names are only a notation device.  They are immediately
transformed into more conventional symbol names before the assembler
uses them.  The symbol names stored in the symbol table, appearing in
error messages and optionally emitted to the object file have these
parts:

`L'
     All local labels begin with `L'. Normally both `as' and `ld'
     forget symbols that start with `L'. These labels are used for
     symbols you are never intended to see.  If you use the `-L' option
     then `as' retains these symbols in the object file. If you also
     instruct `ld' to retain these symbols, you may use them in
     debugging.

`DIGIT'
     If the label is written `0:' then the digit is `0'.  If the label
     is written `1:' then the digit is `1'.  And so on up through `9:'.

`A'
     This unusual character is included so you do not accidentally
     invent a symbol of the same name.  The character has ASCII value
     `\001'.

`*ordinal number*'
     This is a serial number to keep the labels distinct.  The first
     `0:' gets the number `1'; The 15th `0:' gets the number `15';
     *etc.*.  Likewise for the other labels `1:' through `9:'.

   For instance, the first `1:' is named `L1A1', the 44th `3:' is named
`L3A44'.


File: as.info,  Node: Dot,  Next: Symbol Attributes,  Prev: Symbol Names,  Up: Symbols

The Special Dot Symbol
======================

   The special symbol `.' refers to the current address that `as' is
assembling into.  Thus, the expression `melvin: .long .' defines
`melvin' to contain its own address.  Assigning a value to `.' is
treated the same as a `.org' directive.  Thus, the expression `.=.+4'
is the same as saying `.space 4'.


File: as.info,  Node: Symbol Attributes,  Prev: Dot,  Up: Symbols

Symbol Attributes
=================

   Every symbol has, as well as its name, the attributes "Value" and
"Type".  Depending on output format, symbols can also have auxiliary
attributes.

   If you use a symbol without defining it, `as' assumes zero for all
these attributes, and probably won't warn you.  This makes the symbol
an externally defined symbol, which is generally what you would want.

* Menu:

* Symbol Value::                Value
* Symbol Type::                 Type


* a.out Symbols::               Symbol Attributes: `a.out'

* COFF Symbols::                Symbol Attributes for COFF

* SOM Symbols::                Symbol Attributes for SOM


File: as.info,  Node: Symbol Value,  Next: Symbol Type,  Up: Symbol Attributes

Value
-----

   The value of a symbol is (usually) 32 bits.  For a symbol which
labels a location in the text, data, bss or absolute sections the value
is the number of addresses from the start of that section to the label.
Naturally for text, data and bss sections the value of a symbol changes
as `ld' changes section base addresses during linking.  Absolute
symbols' values do not change during linking: that is why they are
called absolute.

   The value of an undefined symbol is treated in a special way.  If it
is 0 then the symbol is not defined in this assembler source file, and
`ld' tries to determine its value from other files linked into the same
program.  You make this kind of symbol simply by mentioning a symbol
name without defining it.  A non-zero value represents a `.comm' common
declaration.  The value is how much common storage to reserve, in bytes
(addresses).  The symbol refers to the first address of the allocated
storage.


File: as.info,  Node: Symbol Type,  Next: a.out Symbols,  Prev: Symbol Value,  Up: Symbol Attributes

Type
----

   The type attribute of a symbol contains relocation (section)
information, any flag settings indicating that a symbol is external, and
(optionally), other information for linkers and debuggers.  The exact
format depends on the object-code output format in use.


File: as.info,  Node: a.out Symbols,  Next: COFF Symbols,  Prev: Symbol Type,  Up: Symbol Attributes

Symbol Attributes: `a.out'
--------------------------

* Menu:

* Symbol Desc::                 Descriptor
* Symbol Other::                Other


File: as.info,  Node: Symbol Desc,  Next: Symbol Other,  Up: a.out Symbols

Descriptor
..........

   This is an arbitrary 16-bit value.  You may establish a symbol's
descriptor value by using a `.desc' statement (*note `.desc': Desc.).
A descriptor value means nothing to `as'.


File: as.info,  Node: Symbol Other,  Prev: Symbol Desc,  Up: a.out Symbols

Other
.....

   This is an arbitrary 8-bit value.  It means nothing to `as'.


File: as.info,  Node: COFF Symbols,  Next: SOM Symbols,  Prev: a.out Symbols,  Up: Symbol Attributes

Symbol Attributes for COFF
--------------------------

   The COFF format supports a multitude of auxiliary symbol attributes;
like the primary symbol attributes, they are set between `.def' and
`.endef' directives.

Primary Attributes
..................

   The symbol name is set with `.def'; the value and type,
respectively, with `.val' and `.type'.

Auxiliary Attributes
....................

   The `as' directives `.dim', `.line', `.scl', `.size', and `.tag' can
generate auxiliary symbol table information for COFF.


File: as.info,  Node: SOM Symbols,  Prev: COFF Symbols,  Up: Symbol Attributes

Symbol Attributes for SOM
-------------------------

   The SOM format for the HPPA supports a multitude of symbol
attributes set with the `.EXPORT' and `.IMPORT' directives.

   The attributes are described in `HP9000 Series 800 Assembly Language
Reference Manual' (HP 92432-90001) under the `IMPORT' and `EXPORT'
assembler directive documentation.


File: as.info,  Node: Expressions,  Next: Pseudo Ops,  Prev: Symbols,  Up: Top

Expressions
***********

   An "expression" specifies an address or numeric value.  Whitespace
may precede and/or follow an expression.

   The result of an expression must be an absolute number, or else an
offset into a particular section.  If an expression is not absolute,
and there is not enough information when `as' sees the expression to
know its section, a second pass over the source program might be
necessary to interpret the expression--but the second pass is currently
not implemented.  `as' aborts with an error message in this situation.

* Menu:

* Empty Exprs::                 Empty Expressions
* Integer Exprs::               Integer Expressions


File: as.info,  Node: Empty Exprs,  Next: Integer Exprs,  Up: Expressions

Empty Expressions
=================

   An empty expression has no value: it is just whitespace or null.
Wherever an absolute expression is required, you may omit the
expression, and `as' assumes a value of (absolute) 0.  This is
compatible with other assemblers.


File: as.info,  Node: Integer Exprs,  Prev: Empty Exprs,  Up: Expressions

Integer Expressions
===================

   An "integer expression" is one or more *arguments* delimited by
*operators*.

* Menu:

* Arguments::                   Arguments
* Operators::                   Operators
* Prefix Ops::                  Prefix Operators
* Infix Ops::                   Infix Operators


File: as.info,  Node: Arguments,  Next: Operators,  Up: Integer Exprs

Arguments
---------

   "Arguments" are symbols, numbers or subexpressions.  In other
contexts arguments are sometimes called "arithmetic operands".  In this
manual, to avoid confusing them with the "instruction operands" of the
machine language, we use the term "argument" to refer to parts of
expressions only, reserving the word "operand" to refer only to machine
instruction operands.

   Symbols are evaluated to yield {SECTION NNN} where SECTION is one of
text, data, bss, absolute, or undefined.  NNN is a signed, 2's
complement 32 bit integer.

   Numbers are usually integers.

   A number can be a flonum or bignum.  In this case, you are warned
that only the low order 32 bits are used, and `as' pretends these 32
bits are an integer.  You may write integer-manipulating instructions
that act on exotic constants, compatible with other assemblers.

   Subexpressions are a left parenthesis `(' followed by an integer
expression, followed by a right parenthesis `)'; or a prefix operator
followed by an argument.


File: as.info,  Node: Operators,  Next: Prefix Ops,  Prev: Arguments,  Up: Integer Exprs

Operators
---------

   "Operators" are arithmetic functions, like `+' or `%'.  Prefix
operators are followed by an argument.  Infix operators appear between
their arguments.  Operators may be preceded and/or followed by
whitespace.


File: as.info,  Node: Prefix Ops,  Next: Infix Ops,  Prev: Operators,  Up: Integer Exprs

Prefix Operator
---------------

   `as' has the following "prefix operators".  They each take one
argument, which must be absolute.

`-'
     "Negation".  Two's complement negation.

`~'
     "Complementation".  Bitwise not.


File: as.info,  Node: Infix Ops,  Prev: Prefix Ops,  Up: Integer Exprs

Infix Operators
---------------

   "Infix operators" take two arguments, one on either side.  Operators
have precedence, but operations with equal precedence are performed left
to right.  Apart from `+' or `-', both arguments must be absolute, and
the result is absolute.

  1. Highest Precedence

    `*'
          "Multiplication".

    `/'
          "Division".  Truncation is the same as the C operator `/'

    `%'
          "Remainder".

    `<'
    `<<'
          "Shift Left".  Same as the C operator `<<'.

    `>'
    `>>'
          "Shift Right".  Same as the C operator `>>'.

  2. Intermediate precedence

    `|'
          "Bitwise Inclusive Or".

    `&'
          "Bitwise And".

    `^'
          "Bitwise Exclusive Or".

    `!'
          "Bitwise Or Not".

  3. Lowest Precedence

    `+'
          "Addition".  If either argument is absolute, the result has
          the section of the other argument.  You may not add together
          arguments from different sections.

    `-'
          "Subtraction".  If the right argument is absolute, the result
          has the section of the left argument.  If both arguments are
          in the same section, the result is absolute.  You may not
          subtract arguments from different sections.

   In short, it's only meaningful to add or subtract the *offsets* in an
address; you can only have a defined section in one of the two
arguments.


File: as.info,  Node: Pseudo Ops,  Next: Machine Dependencies,  Prev: Expressions,  Up: Top

Assembler Directives
********************

   All assembler directives have names that begin with a period (`.').
The rest of the name is letters, usually in lower case.

   This chapter discusses directives that are available regardless of
the target machine configuration for the GNU assembler.  Some machine
configurations provide additional directives.  *Note Machine
Dependencies::.

* Menu:

* Abort::                       `.abort'

* ABORT::                       `.ABORT'

* Align::                       `.align ABS-EXPR , ABS-EXPR'
* App-File::                    `.app-file STRING'
* Ascii::                       `.ascii "STRING"'...
* Asciz::                       `.asciz "STRING"'...
* Balign::                      `.balign ABS-EXPR , ABS-EXPR'
* Byte::                        `.byte EXPRESSIONS'
* Comm::                        `.comm SYMBOL , LENGTH '
* Data::                        `.data SUBSECTION'

* Def::                         `.def NAME'

* Desc::                        `.desc SYMBOL, ABS-EXPRESSION'

* Dim::                         `.dim'

* Double::                      `.double FLONUMS'
* Eject::                       `.eject'
* Else::                        `.else'

* Endef::                       `.endef'

* Endif::                       `.endif'
* Equ::                         `.equ SYMBOL, EXPRESSION'
* Extern::                      `.extern'

* File::                        `.file STRING'

* Fill::                        `.fill REPEAT , SIZE , VALUE'
* Float::                       `.float FLONUMS'
* Global::                      `.global SYMBOL', `.globl SYMBOL'
* hword::                       `.hword EXPRESSIONS'
* Ident::                       `.ident'
* If::                          `.if ABSOLUTE EXPRESSION'
* Include::                     `.include "FILE"'
* Int::                         `.int EXPRESSIONS'
* Irp::				`.irp SYMBOL,VALUES'...
* Irpc::			`.irpc SYMBOL,VALUES'...
* Lcomm::                       `.lcomm SYMBOL , LENGTH'
* Lflags::                      `.lflags'

* Line::                        `.line LINE-NUMBER'

* Ln::                          `.ln LINE-NUMBER'
* Linkonce::			`.linkonce [TYPE]'
* List::                        `.list'
* Long::                        `.long EXPRESSIONS'

* Macro::			`.macro NAME ARGS'...
* MRI::				`.mri VAL'

* Nolist::                      `.nolist'
* Octa::                        `.octa BIGNUMS'
* Org::                         `.org NEW-LC , FILL'
* P2align::                     `.p2align ABS-EXPR , ABS-EXPR'
* Psize::                       `.psize LINES, COLUMNS'
* Quad::                        `.quad BIGNUMS'
* Rept::			`.rept COUNT'
* Sbttl::                       `.sbttl "SUBHEADING"'

* Scl::                         `.scl CLASS'

* Section::                     `.section NAME, SUBSECTION'

* Set::                         `.set SYMBOL, EXPRESSION'
* Short::                       `.short EXPRESSIONS'
* Single::                      `.single FLONUMS'

* Size::                        `.size'

* Skip::                        `.skip SIZE , FILL'
* Space::                       `.space SIZE , FILL'

* Stab::                        `.stabd, .stabn, .stabs'

* String::                      `.string "STR"'

* Symver::                      `.symver NAME,NAME2@NODENAME'

* Tag::                         `.tag STRUCTNAME'

* Text::                        `.text SUBSECTION'
* Title::                       `.title "HEADING"'

* Type::                        `.type INT'
* Val::                         `.val ADDR'

* Word::                        `.word EXPRESSIONS'
* Deprecated::                  Deprecated Directives


File: as.info,  Node: Abort,  Next: ABORT,  Up: Pseudo Ops

`.abort'
========

   This directive stops the assembly immediately.  It is for
compatibility with other assemblers.  The original idea was that the
assembly language source would be piped into the assembler.  If the
sender of the source quit, it could use this directive tells `as' to
quit also.  One day `.abort' will not be supported.


File: as.info,  Node: ABORT,  Next: Align,  Prev: Abort,  Up: Pseudo Ops

`.ABORT'
========

   When producing COFF output, `as' accepts this directive as a synonym
for `.abort'.

   When producing `b.out' output, `as' accepts this directive, but
ignores it.


File: as.info,  Node: Align,  Next: App-File,  Prev: ABORT,  Up: Pseudo Ops

`.align ABS-EXPR, ABS-EXPR, ABS-EXPR'
=====================================

   Pad the location counter (in the current subsection) to a particular
storage boundary.  The first expression (which must be absolute) is the
alignment required, as described below.

   The second expression (also absolute) gives the fill value to be
stored in the padding bytes.  It (and the comma) may be omitted.  If it
is omitted, the padding bytes are normally zero.  However, on some
systems, if the section is marked as containing code and the fill value
is omitted, the space is filled with no-op instructions.

   The third expression is also absolute, and is also optional.  If it
is present, it is the maximum number of bytes that should be skipped by
this alignment directive.  If doing the alignment would require
skipping more bytes than the specified maximum, then the alignment is
not done at all.  You can omit the fill value (the second argument)
entirely by simply using two commas after the required alignment; this
can be useful if you want the alignment to be filled with no-op
instructions when appropriate.

   The way the required alignment is specified varies from system to
system.  For the a29k, hppa, m68k, m88k, w65, sparc, and Hitachi SH,
and i386 using ELF format, the first expression is the alignment
request in bytes.  For example `.align 8' advances the location counter
until it is a multiple of 8.  If the location counter is already a
multiple of 8, no change is needed.

   For other systems, including the i386 using a.out format, it is the
number of low-order zero bits the location counter must have after
advancement.  For example `.align 3' advances the location counter
until it a multiple of 8.  If the location counter is already a
multiple of 8, no change is needed.

   This inconsistency is due to the different behaviors of the various
native assemblers for these systems which GAS must emulate.  GAS also
provides `.balign' and `.p2align' directives, described later, which
have a consistent behavior across all architectures (but are specific
to GAS).


File: as.info,  Node: App-File,  Next: Ascii,  Prev: Align,  Up: Pseudo Ops

`.app-file STRING'
==================

   `.app-file' (which may also be spelled `.file') tells `as' that we
are about to start a new logical file.  STRING is the new file name.
In general, the filename is recognized whether or not it is surrounded
by quotes `"'; but if you wish to specify an empty file name is
permitted, you must give the quotes-`""'.  This statement may go away in
future: it is only recognized to be compatible with old `as' programs.


File: as.info,  Node: Ascii,  Next: Asciz,  Prev: App-File,  Up: Pseudo Ops

`.ascii "STRING"'...
====================

   `.ascii' expects zero or more string literals (*note Strings::.)
separated by commas.  It assembles each string (with no automatic
trailing zero byte) into consecutive addresses.


File: as.info,  Node: Asciz,  Next: Balign,  Prev: Ascii,  Up: Pseudo Ops

`.asciz "STRING"'...
====================

   `.asciz' is just like `.ascii', but each string is followed by a
zero byte.  The "z" in `.asciz' stands for "zero".


File: as.info,  Node: Balign,  Next: Byte,  Prev: Asciz,  Up: Pseudo Ops

`.balign[wl] ABS-EXPR, ABS-EXPR, ABS-EXPR'
==========================================

   Pad the location counter (in the current subsection) to a particular
storage boundary.  The first expression (which must be absolute) is the
alignment request in bytes.  For example `.balign 8' advances the
location counter until it is a multiple of 8.  If the location counter
is already a multiple of 8, no change is needed.

   The second expression (also absolute) gives the fill value to be
stored in the padding bytes.  It (and the comma) may be omitted.  If it
is omitted, the padding bytes are normally zero.  However, on some
systems, if the section is marked as containing code and the fill value
is omitted, the space is filled with no-op instructions.

   The third expression is also absolute, and is also optional.  If it
is present, it is the maximum number of bytes that should be skipped by
this alignment directive.  If doing the alignment would require
skipping more bytes than the specified maximum, then the alignment is
not done at all.  You can omit the fill value (the second argument)
entirely by simply using two commas after the required alignment; this
can be useful if you want the alignment to be filled with no-op
instructions when appropriate.

   The `.balignw' and `.balignl' directives are variants of the
`.balign' directive.  The `.balignw' directive treats the fill pattern
as a two byte word value.  The `.balignl' directives treats the fill
pattern as a four byte longword value.  For example, `.balignw
4,0x368d' will align to a multiple of 4.  If it skips two bytes, they
will be filled in with the value 0x368d (the exact placement of the
bytes depends upon the endianness of the processor).  If it skips 1 or
3 bytes, the fill value is undefined.


File: as.info,  Node: Byte,  Next: Comm,  Prev: Balign,  Up: Pseudo Ops

`.byte EXPRESSIONS'
===================

   `.byte' expects zero or more expressions, separated by commas.  Each
expression is assembled into the next byte.


File: as.info,  Node: Comm,  Next: Data,  Prev: Byte,  Up: Pseudo Ops

`.comm SYMBOL , LENGTH '
========================

   `.comm' declares a named common area in the bss section.  Normally
`ld' reserves memory addresses for it during linking, so no partial
program defines the location of the symbol.  Use `.comm' to tell `ld'
that it must be at least LENGTH bytes long.  `ld' allocates space for
each `.comm' symbol that is at least as long as the longest `.comm'
request in any of the partial programs linked.  LENGTH is an absolute
expression.

   The syntax for `.comm' differs slightly on the HPPA.  The syntax is
`SYMBOL .comm, LENGTH'; SYMBOL is optional.


File: as.info,  Node: Data,  Next: Def,  Prev: Comm,  Up: Pseudo Ops

`.data SUBSECTION'
==================

   `.data' tells `as' to assemble the following statements onto the end
of the data subsection numbered SUBSECTION (which is an absolute
expression).  If SUBSECTION is omitted, it defaults to zero.


File: as.info,  Node: Def,  Next: Desc,  Prev: Data,  Up: Pseudo Ops

`.def NAME'
===========

   Begin defining debugging information for a symbol NAME; the
definition extends until the `.endef' directive is encountered.

   This directive is only observed when `as' is configured for COFF
format output; when producing `b.out', `.def' is recognized, but
ignored.


File: as.info,  Node: Desc,  Next: Dim,  Prev: Def,  Up: Pseudo Ops

`.desc SYMBOL, ABS-EXPRESSION'
==============================

   This directive sets the descriptor of the symbol (*note Symbol
Attributes::.) to the low 16 bits of an absolute expression.

   The `.desc' directive is not available when `as' is configured for
COFF output; it is only for `a.out' or `b.out' object format.  For the
sake of compatibility, `as' accepts it, but produces no output, when
configured for COFF.


File: as.info,  Node: Dim,  Next: Double,  Prev: Desc,  Up: Pseudo Ops

`.dim'
======

   This directive is generated by compilers to include auxiliary
debugging information in the symbol table.  It is only permitted inside
`.def'/`.endef' pairs.

   `.dim' is only meaningful when generating COFF format output; when
`as' is generating `b.out', it accepts this directive but ignores it.


File: as.info,  Node: Double,  Next: Eject,  Prev: Dim,  Up: Pseudo Ops

`.double FLONUMS'
=================

   `.double' expects zero or more flonums, separated by commas.  It
assembles floating point numbers.  The exact kind of floating point
numbers emitted depends on how `as' is configured.  *Note Machine
Dependencies::.


File: as.info,  Node: Eject,  Next: Else,  Prev: Double,  Up: Pseudo Ops

`.eject'
========

   Force a page break at this point, when generating assembly listings.


File: as.info,  Node: Else,  Next: Endef,  Prev: Eject,  Up: Pseudo Ops

`.else'
=======

   `.else' is part of the `as' support for conditional assembly; *note
`.if': If..  It marks the beginning of a section of code to be
assembled if the condition for the preceding `.if' was false.


File: as.info,  Node: Endef,  Next: Endif,  Prev: Else,  Up: Pseudo Ops

`.endef'
========

   This directive flags the end of a symbol definition begun with
`.def'.

   `.endef' is only meaningful when generating COFF format output; if
`as' is configured to generate `b.out', it accepts this directive but
ignores it.


File: as.info,  Node: Endif,  Next: Equ,  Prev: Endef,  Up: Pseudo Ops

`.endif'
========

   `.endif' is part of the `as' support for conditional assembly; it
marks the end of a block of code that is only assembled conditionally.
*Note `.if': If.


File: as.info,  Node: Equ,  Next: Extern,  Prev: Endif,  Up: Pseudo Ops

`.equ SYMBOL, EXPRESSION'
=========================

   This directive sets the value of SYMBOL to EXPRESSION.  It is
synonymous with `.set'; *note `.set': Set..

   The syntax for `equ' on the HPPA is `SYMBOL .equ EXPRESSION'.


File: as.info,  Node: Extern,  Next: File,  Prev: Equ,  Up: Pseudo Ops

`.extern'
=========

   `.extern' is accepted in the source program--for compatibility with
other assemblers--but it is ignored.  `as' treats all undefined symbols
as external.


File: as.info,  Node: File,  Next: Fill,  Prev: Extern,  Up: Pseudo Ops

`.file STRING'
==============

   `.file' (which may also be spelled `.app-file') tells `as' that we
are about to start a new logical file.  STRING is the new file name.
In general, the filename is recognized whether or not it is surrounded
by quotes `"'; but if you wish to specify an empty file name, you must
give the quotes-`""'.  This statement may go away in future: it is only
recognized to be compatible with old `as' programs.  In some
configurations of `as', `.file' has already been removed to avoid
conflicts with other assemblers.  *Note Machine Dependencies::.


File: as.info,  Node: Fill,  Next: Float,  Prev: File,  Up: Pseudo Ops

`.fill REPEAT , SIZE , VALUE'
=============================

   RESULT, SIZE and VALUE are absolute expressions.  This emits REPEAT
copies of SIZE bytes.  REPEAT may be zero or more.  SIZE may be zero or
more, but if it is more than 8, then it is deemed to have the value 8,
compatible with other people's assemblers.  The contents of each REPEAT
bytes is taken from an 8-byte number.  The highest order 4 bytes are
zero.  The lowest order 4 bytes are VALUE rendered in the byte-order of
an integer on the computer `as' is assembling for.  Each SIZE bytes in
a repetition is taken from the lowest order SIZE bytes of this number.
Again, this bizarre behavior is compatible with other people's
assemblers.

   SIZE and VALUE are optional.  If the second comma and VALUE are
absent, VALUE is assumed zero.  If the first comma and following tokens
are absent, SIZE is assumed to be 1.


File: as.info,  Node: Float,  Next: Global,  Prev: Fill,  Up: Pseudo Ops

`.float FLONUMS'
================

   This directive assembles zero or more flonums, separated by commas.
It has the same effect as `.single'.  The exact kind of floating point
numbers emitted depends on how `as' is configured.  *Note Machine
Dependencies::.


File: as.info,  Node: Global,  Next: hword,  Prev: Float,  Up: Pseudo Ops

`.global SYMBOL', `.globl SYMBOL'
=================================

   `.global' makes the symbol visible to `ld'.  If you define SYMBOL in
your partial program, its value is made available to other partial
programs that are linked with it.  Otherwise, SYMBOL takes its
attributes from a symbol of the same name from another file linked into
the same program.

   Both spellings (`.globl' and `.global') are accepted, for
compatibility with other assemblers.

   On the HPPA, `.global' is not always enough to make it accessible to
other partial programs.  You may need the HPPA-only `.EXPORT' directive
as well.  *Note HPPA Assembler Directives: HPPA Directives.


File: as.info,  Node: hword,  Next: Ident,  Prev: Global,  Up: Pseudo Ops

`.hword EXPRESSIONS'
====================

   This expects zero or more EXPRESSIONS, and emits a 16 bit number for
each.

   This directive is a synonym for `.short'; depending on the target
architecture, it may also be a synonym for `.word'.


File: as.info,  Node: Ident,  Next: If,  Prev: hword,  Up: Pseudo Ops

`.ident'
========

   This directive is used by some assemblers to place tags in object
files.  `as' simply accepts the directive for source-file compatibility
with such assemblers, but does not actually emit anything for it.


File: as.info,  Node: If,  Next: Include,  Prev: Ident,  Up: Pseudo Ops

`.if ABSOLUTE EXPRESSION'
=========================

   `.if' marks the beginning of a section of code which is only
considered part of the source program being assembled if the argument
(which must be an ABSOLUTE EXPRESSION) is non-zero.  The end of the
conditional section of code must be marked by `.endif' (*note `.endif':
Endif.); optionally, you may include code for the alternative
condition, flagged by `.else' (*note `.else': Else.).

   The following variants of `.if' are also supported:
`.ifdef SYMBOL'
     Assembles the following section of code if the specified SYMBOL
     has been defined.

`.ifndef SYMBOL'
`.ifnotdef SYMBOL'
     Assembles the following section of code if the specified SYMBOL
     has not been defined.  Both spelling variants are equivalent.


File: as.info,  Node: Include,  Next: Int,  Prev: If,  Up: Pseudo Ops

`.include "FILE"'
=================

   This directive provides a way to include supporting files at
specified points in your source program.  The code from FILE is
assembled as if it followed the point of the `.include'; when the end
of the included file is reached, assembly of the original file
continues.  You can control the search paths used with the `-I'
command-line option (*note Command-Line Options: Invoking.).  Quotation
marks are required around FILE.


File: as.info,  Node: Int,  Next: Irp,  Prev: Include,  Up: Pseudo Ops

`.int EXPRESSIONS'
==================

   Expect zero or more EXPRESSIONS, of any section, separated by commas.
For each expression, emit a number that, at run time, is the value of
that expression.  The byte order and bit size of the number depends on
what kind of target the assembly is for.


File: as.info,  Node: Irp,  Next: Irpc,  Prev: Int,  Up: Pseudo Ops

`.irp SYMBOL,VALUES'...
=======================

   Evaluate a sequence of statements assigning different values to
SYMBOL.  The sequence of statements starts at the `.irp' directive, and
is terminated by an `.endr' directive.  For each VALUE, SYMBOL is set
to VALUE, and the sequence of statements is assembled.  If no VALUE is
listed, the sequence of statements is assembled once, with SYMBOL set
to the null string.  To refer to SYMBOL within the sequence of
statements, use \SYMBOL.

   For example, assembling

             .irp    param,1,2,3
             move    d\param,sp@-
             .endr

   is equivalent to assembling

             move    d1,sp@-
             move    d2,sp@-
             move    d3,sp@-


File: as.info,  Node: Irpc,  Next: Lcomm,  Prev: Irp,  Up: Pseudo Ops

`.irpc SYMBOL,VALUES'...
========================

   Evaluate a sequence of statements assigning different values to
SYMBOL.  The sequence of statements starts at the `.irpc' directive,
and is terminated by an `.endr' directive.  For each character in VALUE,
SYMBOL is set to the character, and the sequence of statements is
assembled.  If no VALUE is listed, the sequence of statements is
assembled once, with SYMBOL set to the null string.  To refer to SYMBOL
within the sequence of statements, use \SYMBOL.

   For example, assembling

             .irpc    param,123
             move    d\param,sp@-
             .endr

   is equivalent to assembling

             move    d1,sp@-
             move    d2,sp@-
             move    d3,sp@-


File: as.info,  Node: Lcomm,  Next: Lflags,  Prev: Irpc,  Up: Pseudo Ops

`.lcomm SYMBOL , LENGTH'
========================

   Reserve LENGTH (an absolute expression) bytes for a local common
denoted by SYMBOL.  The section and value of SYMBOL are those of the
new local common.  The addresses are allocated in the bss section, so
that at run-time the bytes start off zeroed.  SYMBOL is not declared
global (*note `.global': Global.), so is normally not visible to `ld'.

   The syntax for `.lcomm' differs slightly on the HPPA.  The syntax is
`SYMBOL .lcomm, LENGTH'; SYMBOL is optional.


File: as.info,  Node: Lflags,  Next: Line,  Prev: Lcomm,  Up: Pseudo Ops

`.lflags'
=========

   `as' accepts this directive, for compatibility with other
assemblers, but ignores it.


File: as.info,  Node: Line,  Next: Ln,  Prev: Lflags,  Up: Pseudo Ops

`.line LINE-NUMBER'
===================

   Change the logical line number.  LINE-NUMBER must be an absolute
expression.  The next line has that logical line number.  Therefore any
other statements on the current line (after a statement separator
character) are reported as on logical line number LINE-NUMBER - 1.  One
day `as' will no longer support this directive: it is recognized only
for compatibility with existing assembler programs.

   *Warning:* In the AMD29K configuration of as, this command is not
available; use the synonym `.ln' in that context.

   Even though this is a directive associated with the `a.out' or
`b.out' object-code formats, `as' still recognizes it when producing
COFF output, and treats `.line' as though it were the COFF `.ln' *if*
it is found outside a `.def'/`.endef' pair.

   Inside a `.def', `.line' is, instead, one of the directives used by
compilers to generate auxiliary symbol information for debugging.


File: as.info,  Node: Linkonce,  Next: List,  Prev: Ln,  Up: Pseudo Ops

`.linkonce [TYPE]'
==================

   Mark the current section so that the linker only includes a single
copy of it.  This may be used to include the same section in several
different object files, but ensure that the linker will only include it
once in the final output file.  The `.linkonce' pseudo-op must be used
for each instance of the section.  Duplicate sections are detected
based on the section name, so it should be unique.

   This directive is only supported by a few object file formats; as of
this writing, the only object file format which supports it is the
Portable Executable format used on Windows NT.

   The TYPE argument is optional.  If specified, it must be one of the
following strings.  For example:
     .linkonce same_size
   Not all types may be supported on all object file formats.

`discard'
     Silently discard duplicate sections.  This is the default.

`one_only'
     Warn if there are duplicate sections, but still keep only one copy.

`same_size'
     Warn if any of the duplicates have different sizes.

`same_contents'
     Warn if any of the duplicates do not have exactly the same
     contents.


File: as.info,  Node: Ln,  Next: Linkonce,  Prev: Line,  Up: Pseudo Ops

`.ln LINE-NUMBER'
=================

   `.ln' is a synonym for `.line'.


File: as.info,  Node: MRI,  Next: Nolist,  Prev: Macro,  Up: Pseudo Ops

`.mri VAL'
==========

   If VAL is non-zero, this tells `as' to enter MRI mode.  If VAL is
zero, this tells `as' to exit MRI mode.  This change affects code
assembled until the next `.mri' directive, or until the end of the
file.  *Note MRI mode: M.


File: as.info,  Node: List,  Next: Long,  Prev: Linkonce,  Up: Pseudo Ops

`.list'
=======

   Control (in conjunction with the `.nolist' directive) whether or not
assembly listings are generated.  These two directives maintain an
internal counter (which is zero initially).   `.list' increments the
counter, and `.nolist' decrements it.  Assembly listings are generated
whenever the counter is greater than zero.

   By default, listings are disabled.  When you enable them (with the
`-a' command line option; *note Command-Line Options: Invoking.), the
initial value of the listing counter is one.


File: as.info,  Node: Long,  Next: Macro,  Prev: List,  Up: Pseudo Ops

`.long EXPRESSIONS'
===================

   `.long' is the same as `.int', *note `.int': Int..


File: as.info,  Node: Macro,  Next: MRI,  Prev: Long,  Up: Pseudo Ops

`.macro'
========

   The commands `.macro' and `.endm' allow you to define macros that
generate assembly output.  For example, this definition specifies a
macro `sum' that puts a sequence of numbers into memory:

             .macro  sum from=0, to=5
             .long   \from
             .if     \to-\from
             sum     "(\from+1)",\to
             .endif
             .endm

With that definition, `SUM 0,5' is equivalent to this assembly input:

             .long   0
             .long   1
             .long   2
             .long   3
             .long   4
             .long   5

`.macro MACNAME'
`.macro MACNAME MACARGS ...'
     Begin the definition of a macro called MACNAME.  If your macro
     definition requires arguments, specify their names after the macro
     name, separated by commas or spaces.  You can supply a default
     value for any macro argument by following the name with `=DEFLT'.
     For example, these are all valid `.macro' statements:

    `.macro comm'
          Begin the definition of a macro called `comm', which takes no
          arguments.

    `.macro plus1 p, p1'
    `.macro plus1 p p1'
          Either statement begins the definition of a macro called
          `plus1', which takes two arguments; within the macro
          definition, write `\p' or `\p1' to evaluate the arguments.

    `.macro reserve_str p1=0 p2'
          Begin the definition of a macro called `reserve_str', with two
          arguments.  The first argument has a default value, but not
          the second.  After the definition is complete, you can call
          the macro either as `reserve_str A,B' (with `\p1' evaluating
          to A and `\p2' evaluating to B), or as `reserve_str ,B' (with
          `\p1' evaluating as the default, in this case `0', and `\p2'
          evaluating to B).

     When you call a macro, you can specify the argument values either
     by position, or by keyword.  For example, `sum 9,17' is equivalent
     to `sum to=17, from=9'.

`.endm'
     Mark the end of a macro definition.

`.exitm'
     Exit early from the current macro definition.

`\@'
     `as' maintains a counter of how many macros it has executed in
     this pseudo-variable; you can copy that number to your output with
     `\@', but *only within a macro definition*.


File: as.info,  Node: Nolist,  Next: Octa,  Prev: MRI,  Up: Pseudo Ops

`.nolist'
=========

   Control (in conjunction with the `.list' directive) whether or not
assembly listings are generated.  These two directives maintain an
internal counter (which is zero initially).   `.list' increments the
counter, and `.nolist' decrements it.  Assembly listings are generated
whenever the counter is greater than zero.


File: as.info,  Node: Octa,  Next: Org,  Prev: Nolist,  Up: Pseudo Ops

`.octa BIGNUMS'
===============

   This directive expects zero or more bignums, separated by commas.
For each bignum, it emits a 16-byte integer.

   The term "octa" comes from contexts in which a "word" is two bytes;
hence *octa*-word for 16 bytes.


File: as.info,  Node: Org,  Next: P2align,  Prev: Octa,  Up: Pseudo Ops

`.org NEW-LC , FILL'
====================

   Advance the location counter of the current section to NEW-LC.
NEW-LC is either an absolute expression or an expression with the same
section as the current subsection.  That is, you can't use `.org' to
cross sections: if NEW-LC has the wrong section, the `.org' directive
is ignored.  To be compatible with former assemblers, if the section of
NEW-LC is absolute, `as' issues a warning, then pretends the section of
NEW-LC is the same as the current subsection.

   `.org' may only increase the location counter, or leave it
unchanged; you cannot use `.org' to move the location counter backwards.

   Because `as' tries to assemble programs in one pass, NEW-LC may not
be undefined.  If you really detest this restriction we eagerly await a
chance to share your improved assembler.

   Beware that the origin is relative to the start of the section, not
to the start of the subsection.  This is compatible with other people's
assemblers.

   When the location counter (of the current subsection) is advanced,
the intervening bytes are filled with FILL which should be an absolute
expression.  If the comma and FILL are omitted, FILL defaults to zero.


File: as.info,  Node: P2align,  Next: Psize,  Prev: Org,  Up: Pseudo Ops

`.p2align[wl] ABS-EXPR, ABS-EXPR, ABS-EXPR'
===========================================

   Pad the location counter (in the current subsection) to a particular
storage boundary.  The first expression (which must be absolute) is the
number of low-order zero bits the location counter must have after
advancement.  For example `.p2align 3' advances the location counter
until it a multiple of 8.  If the location counter is already a
multiple of 8, no change is needed.

   The second expression (also absolute) gives the fill value to be
stored in the padding bytes.  It (and the comma) may be omitted.  If it
is omitted, the padding bytes are normally zero.  However, on some
systems, if the section is marked as containing code and the fill value
is omitted, the space is filled with no-op instructions.

   The third expression is also absolute, and is also optional.  If it
is present, it is the maximum number of bytes that should be skipped by
this alignment directive.  If doing the alignment would require
skipping more bytes than the specified maximum, then the alignment is
not done at all.  You can omit the fill value (the second argument)
entirely by simply using two commas after the required alignment; this
can be useful if you want the alignment to be filled with no-op
instructions when appropriate.

   The `.p2alignw' and `.p2alignl' directives are variants of the
`.p2align' directive.  The `.p2alignw' directive treats the fill
pattern as a two byte word value.  The `.p2alignl' directives treats the
fill pattern as a four byte longword value.  For example, `.p2alignw
2,0x368d' will align to a multiple of 4.  If it skips two bytes, they
will be filled in with the value 0x368d (the exact placement of the
bytes depends upon the endianness of the processor).  If it skips 1 or
3 bytes, the fill value is undefined.


File: as.info,  Node: Psize,  Next: Quad,  Prev: P2align,  Up: Pseudo Ops

`.psize LINES , COLUMNS'
========================

   Use this directive to declare the number of lines--and, optionally,
the number of columns--to use for each page, when generating listings.

   If you do not use `.psize', listings use a default line-count of 60.
You may omit the comma and COLUMNS specification; the default width is
200 columns.

   `as' generates formfeeds whenever the specified number of lines is
exceeded (or whenever you explicitly request one, using `.eject').

   If you specify LINES as `0', no formfeeds are generated save those
explicitly specified with `.eject'.


File: as.info,  Node: Quad,  Next: Rept,  Prev: Psize,  Up: Pseudo Ops

`.quad BIGNUMS'
===============

   `.quad' expects zero or more bignums, separated by commas.  For each
bignum, it emits an 8-byte integer.  If the bignum won't fit in 8
bytes, it prints a warning message; and just takes the lowest order 8
bytes of the bignum.

   The term "quad" comes from contexts in which a "word" is two bytes;
hence *quad*-word for 8 bytes.


File: as.info,  Node: Rept,  Next: Sbttl,  Prev: Quad,  Up: Pseudo Ops

`.rept COUNT'
=============

   Repeat the sequence of lines between the `.rept' directive and the
next `.endr' directive COUNT times.

   For example, assembling

             .rept   3
             .long   0
             .endr

   is equivalent to assembling

             .long   0
             .long   0
             .long   0


File: as.info,  Node: Sbttl,  Next: Scl,  Prev: Rept,  Up: Pseudo Ops

`.sbttl "SUBHEADING"'
=====================

   Use SUBHEADING as the title (third line, immediately after the title
line) when generating assembly listings.

   This directive affects subsequent pages, as well as the current page
if it appears within ten lines of the top of a page.


File: as.info,  Node: Scl,  Next: Section,  Prev: Sbttl,  Up: Pseudo Ops

`.scl CLASS'
============

   Set the storage-class value for a symbol.  This directive may only be
used inside a `.def'/`.endef' pair.  Storage class may flag whether a
symbol is static or external, or it may record further symbolic
debugging information.

   The `.scl' directive is primarily associated with COFF output; when
configured to generate `b.out' output format, `as' accepts this
directive but ignores it.


File: as.info,  Node: Section,  Next: Set,  Prev: Scl,  Up: Pseudo Ops

`.section NAME'
===============

   Use the `.section' directive to assemble the following code into a
section named NAME.

   This directive is only supported for targets that actually support
arbitrarily named sections; on `a.out' targets, for example, it is not
accepted, even with a standard `a.out' section name.

   For COFF targets, the `.section' directive is used in one of the
following ways:
     .section NAME[, "FLAGS"]
     .section NAME[, SUBSEGMENT]

   If the optional argument is quoted, it is taken as flags to use for
the section.  Each flag is a single character.  The following flags are
recognized:
`b'
     bss section (uninitialized data)

`n'
     section is not loaded

`w'
     writable section

`d'
     data section

`r'
     read-only section

`x'
     executable section

   If no flags are specified, the default flags depend upon the section
name.  If the section name is not recognized, the default will be for
the section to be loaded and writable.

   If the optional argument to the `.section' directive is not quoted,
it is taken as a subsegment number (*note Sub-Sections::.).

   For ELF targets, the `.section' directive is used like this:
     .section NAME[, "FLAGS"[, @TYPE]]
   The optional FLAGS argument is a quoted string which may contain any
combintion of the following characters:
`a'
     section is allocatable

`w'
     section is writable

`x'
     section is executable

   The optional TYPE argument may contain one of the following
constants:
`@progbits'
     section contains data

`@nobits'
     section does not contain data (i.e., section only occupies space)

   If no flags are specified, the default flags depend upon the section
name.  If the section name is not recognized, the default will be for
the section to have none of the above flags: it will not be allocated
in memory, nor writable, nor executable.  The section will contain data.

   For ELF targets, the assembler supports another type of `.section'
directive for compatibility with the Solaris assembler:
     .section "NAME"[, FLAGS...]
   Note that the section name is quoted.  There may be a sequence of
comma separated flags:
`#alloc'
     section is allocatable

`#write'
     section is writable

`#execinstr'
     section is executable


File: as.info,  Node: Set,  Next: Short,  Prev: Section,  Up: Pseudo Ops

`.set SYMBOL, EXPRESSION'
=========================

   Set the value of SYMBOL to EXPRESSION.  This changes SYMBOL's value
and type to conform to EXPRESSION.  If SYMBOL was flagged as external,
it remains flagged (*note Symbol Attributes::.).

   You may `.set' a symbol many times in the same assembly.

   If you `.set' a global symbol, the value stored in the object file
is the last value stored into it.

   The syntax for `set' on the HPPA is `SYMBOL .set EXPRESSION'.


File: as.info,  Node: Short,  Next: Single,  Prev: Set,  Up: Pseudo Ops

`.short EXPRESSIONS'
====================

   `.short' is normally the same as `.word'.  *Note `.word': Word.

   In some configurations, however, `.short' and `.word' generate
numbers of different lengths; *note Machine Dependencies::..


File: as.info,  Node: Single,  Next: Size,  Prev: Short,  Up: Pseudo Ops

`.single FLONUMS'
=================

   This directive assembles zero or more flonums, separated by commas.
It has the same effect as `.float'.  The exact kind of floating point
numbers emitted depends on how `as' is configured.  *Note Machine
Dependencies::.


File: as.info,  Node: Size,  Next: Skip,  Prev: Single,  Up: Pseudo Ops

`.size'
=======

   This directive is generated by compilers to include auxiliary
debugging information in the symbol table.  It is only permitted inside
`.def'/`.endef' pairs.

   `.size' is only meaningful when generating COFF format output; when
`as' is generating `b.out', it accepts this directive but ignores it.


File: as.info,  Node: Skip,  Next: Space,  Prev: Size,  Up: Pseudo Ops

`.skip SIZE , FILL'
===================

   This directive emits SIZE bytes, each of value FILL.  Both SIZE and
FILL are absolute expressions.  If the comma and FILL are omitted, FILL
is assumed to be zero.  This is the same as `.space'.


File: as.info,  Node: Space,  Next: Stab,  Prev: Skip,  Up: Pseudo Ops

`.space SIZE , FILL'
====================

   This directive emits SIZE bytes, each of value FILL.  Both SIZE and
FILL are absolute expressions.  If the comma and FILL are omitted, FILL
is assumed to be zero.  This is the same as `.skip'.

     *Warning:* `.space' has a completely different meaning for HPPA
     targets; use `.block' as a substitute.  See `HP9000 Series 800
     Assembly Language Reference Manual' (HP 92432-90001) for the
     meaning of the `.space' directive.  *Note HPPA Assembler
     Directives: HPPA Directives, for a summary.

   On the AMD 29K, this directive is ignored; it is accepted for
compatibility with other AMD 29K assemblers.

     *Warning:* In most versions of the GNU assembler, the directive
     `.space' has the effect of `.block'  *Note Machine Dependencies::.


File: as.info,  Node: Stab,  Next: String,  Prev: Space,  Up: Pseudo Ops

`.stabd, .stabn, .stabs'
========================

   There are three directives that begin `.stab'.  All emit symbols
(*note Symbols::.), for use by symbolic debuggers.  The symbols are not
entered in the `as' hash table: they cannot be referenced elsewhere in
the source file.  Up to five fields are required:

STRING
     This is the symbol's name.  It may contain any character except
     `\000', so is more general than ordinary symbol names.  Some
     debuggers used to code arbitrarily complex structures into symbol
     names using this field.

TYPE
     An absolute expression.  The symbol's type is set to the low 8
     bits of this expression.  Any bit pattern is permitted, but `ld'
     and debuggers choke on silly bit patterns.

OTHER
     An absolute expression.  The symbol's "other" attribute is set to
     the low 8 bits of this expression.

DESC
     An absolute expression.  The symbol's descriptor is set to the low
     16 bits of this expression.

VALUE
     An absolute expression which becomes the symbol's value.

   If a warning is detected while reading a `.stabd', `.stabn', or
`.stabs' statement, the symbol has probably already been created; you
get a half-formed symbol in your object file.  This is compatible with
earlier assemblers!

`.stabd TYPE , OTHER , DESC'
     The "name" of the symbol generated is not even an empty string.
     It is a null pointer, for compatibility.  Older assemblers used a
     null pointer so they didn't waste space in object files with empty
     strings.

     The symbol's value is set to the location counter, relocatably.
     When your program is linked, the value of this symbol is the
     address of the location counter when the `.stabd' was assembled.

`.stabn TYPE , OTHER , DESC , VALUE'
     The name of the symbol is set to the empty string `""'.

`.stabs STRING ,  TYPE , OTHER , DESC , VALUE'
     All five fields are specified.


File: as.info,  Node: String,  Next: Symver,  Prev: Stab,  Up: Pseudo Ops

`.string' "STR"
===============

   Copy the characters in STR to the object file.  You may specify more
than one string to copy, separated by commas.  Unless otherwise
specified for a particular machine, the assembler marks the end of each
string with a 0 byte.  You can use any of the escape sequences
described in *Note Strings: Strings.


File: as.info,  Node: Symver,  Next: Tag,  Prev: String,  Up: Pseudo Ops

`.symver'
=========

   Use the `.symver' directive to bind symbols to specific version nodes
within a source file.  This is only supported on ELF platforms, and is
typically used when assembling files to be linked into a shared library.
There are cases where it may make sense to use this in objects to be
bound into an application itself so as to override a versioned symbol
from a shared library.

   For ELF targets, the `.symver' directive is used like this:
     .symver NAME, NAME2@NODENAME
   In this case, the symbol NAME must exist and be defined within the
file being assembled.  The `.versym' directive effectively creates a
symbol alias with the name NAME2@NODENAME, and in fact the main reason
that we just don't try and create a regular alias is that the @
character isn't permitted in symbol names.  The NAME2 part of the name
is the actual name of the symbol by which it will be externally
referenced.  The name NAME itself is merely a name of convenience that
is used so that it is possible to have definitions for multiple
versions of a function within a single source file, and so that the
compiler can unambiguously know which version of a function is being
mentioned.  The NODENAME portion of the alias should be the name of a
node specified in the version script supplied to the linker when
building a shared library.  If you are attempting to override a
versioned symbol from a shared library, then NODENAME should correspond
to the nodename of the symbol you are trying to override.


File: as.info,  Node: Tag,  Next: Text,  Prev: Symver,  Up: Pseudo Ops

`.tag STRUCTNAME'
=================

   This directive is generated by compilers to include auxiliary
debugging information in the symbol table.  It is only permitted inside
`.def'/`.endef' pairs.  Tags are used to link structure definitions in
the symbol table with instances of those structures.

   `.tag' is only used when generating COFF format output; when `as' is
generating `b.out', it accepts this directive but ignores it.


File: as.info,  Node: Text,  Next: Title,  Prev: Tag,  Up: Pseudo Ops

`.text SUBSECTION'
==================

   Tells `as' to assemble the following statements onto the end of the
text subsection numbered SUBSECTION, which is an absolute expression.
If SUBSECTION is omitted, subsection number zero is used.


File: as.info,  Node: Title,  Next: Type,  Prev: Text,  Up: Pseudo Ops

`.title "HEADING"'
==================

   Use HEADING as the title (second line, immediately after the source
file name and pagenumber) when generating assembly listings.

   This directive affects subsequent pages, as well as the current page
if it appears within ten lines of the top of a page.


File: as.info,  Node: Type,  Next: Val,  Prev: Title,  Up: Pseudo Ops

`.type INT'
===========

   This directive, permitted only within `.def'/`.endef' pairs, records
the integer INT as the type attribute of a symbol table entry.

   `.type' is associated only with COFF format output; when `as' is
configured for `b.out' output, it accepts this directive but ignores it.


File: as.info,  Node: Val,  Next: Word,  Prev: Type,  Up: Pseudo Ops

`.val ADDR'
===========

   This directive, permitted only within `.def'/`.endef' pairs, records
the address ADDR as the value attribute of a symbol table entry.

   `.val' is used only for COFF output; when `as' is configured for
`b.out', it accepts this directive but ignores it.


File: as.info,  Node: Word,  Next: Deprecated,  Prev: Val,  Up: Pseudo Ops

`.word EXPRESSIONS'
===================

   This directive expects zero or more EXPRESSIONS, of any section,
separated by commas.

   The size of the number emitted, and its byte order, depend on what
target computer the assembly is for.

     *Warning: Special Treatment to support Compilers*

   Machines with a 32-bit address space, but that do less than 32-bit
addressing, require the following special treatment.  If the machine of
interest to you does 32-bit addressing (or doesn't require it; *note
Machine Dependencies::.), you can ignore this issue.

   In order to assemble compiler output into something that works, `as'
occasionlly does strange things to `.word' directives.  Directives of
the form `.word sym1-sym2' are often emitted by compilers as part of
jump tables.  Therefore, when `as' assembles a directive of the form
`.word sym1-sym2', and the difference between `sym1' and `sym2' does
not fit in 16 bits, `as' creates a "secondary jump table", immediately
before the next label.  This secondary jump table is preceded by a
short-jump to the first byte after the secondary table.  This
short-jump prevents the flow of control from accidentally falling into
the new table.  Inside the table is a long-jump to `sym2'.  The
original `.word' contains `sym1' minus the address of the long-jump to
`sym2'.

   If there were several occurrences of `.word sym1-sym2' before the
secondary jump table, all of them are adjusted.  If there was a `.word
sym3-sym4', that also did not fit in sixteen bits, a long-jump to
`sym4' is included in the secondary jump table, and the `.word'
directives are adjusted to contain `sym3' minus the address of the
long-jump to `sym4'; and so on, for as many entries in the original
jump table as necessary.


File: as.info,  Node: Deprecated,  Prev: Word,  Up: Pseudo Ops

Deprecated Directives
=====================

   One day these directives won't work.  They are included for
compatibility with older assemblers.
.abort
.app-file
.line

File: as.info,  Node: Machine Dependencies,  Next: Reporting Bugs,  Prev: Pseudo Ops,  Up: Top

Machine Dependent Features
**************************

   The machine instruction sets are (almost by definition) different on
each machine where `as' runs.  Floating point representations vary as
well, and `as' often supports a few additional directives or
command-line options for compatibility with other assemblers on a
particular platform.  Finally, some versions of `as' support special
pseudo-instructions for branch optimization.

   This chapter discusses most of these differences, though it does not
include details on any machine's instruction set.  For details on that
subject, see the hardware manufacturer's manual.

* Menu:


* AMD29K-Dependent::            AMD 29K Dependent Features

* D10V-Dependent::              D10V Dependent Features

* H8/300-Dependent::            Hitachi H8/300 Dependent Features

* H8/500-Dependent::            Hitachi H8/500 Dependent Features

* HPPA-Dependent::              HPPA Dependent Features

* i386-Dependent::              Intel 80386 Dependent Features

* i960-Dependent::              Intel 80960 Dependent Features

* M68K-Dependent::              M680x0 Dependent Features

* MIPS-Dependent::              MIPS Dependent Features

* SH-Dependent::                Hitachi SH Dependent Features

* Sparc-Dependent::             SPARC Dependent Features

* Z8000-Dependent::             Z8000 Dependent Features

* Vax-Dependent::               VAX Dependent Features


File: as.info,  Node: AMD29K-Dependent,  Next: D10V-Dependent,  Up: Machine Dependencies

AMD 29K Dependent Features
==========================

* Menu:

* AMD29K Options::              Options
* AMD29K Syntax::               Syntax
* AMD29K Floating Point::       Floating Point
* AMD29K Directives::           AMD 29K Machine Directives
* AMD29K Opcodes::              Opcodes


File: as.info,  Node: AMD29K Options,  Next: AMD29K Syntax,  Up: AMD29K-Dependent

Options
-------

   `as' has no additional command-line options for the AMD 29K family.


File: as.info,  Node: AMD29K Syntax,  Next: AMD29K Floating Point,  Prev: AMD29K Options,  Up: AMD29K-Dependent

Syntax
------

* Menu:

* AMD29K-Macros::		Macros
* AMD29K-Chars::                Special Characters
* AMD29K-Regs::                 Register Names


File: as.info,  Node: AMD29K-Macros,  Next: AMD29K-Chars,  Up: AMD29K Syntax

Macros
......

   The macro syntax used on the AMD 29K is like that described in the
AMD 29K Family Macro Assembler Specification.  Normal `as' macros
should still work.


File: as.info,  Node: AMD29K-Chars,  Next: AMD29K-Regs,  Prev: AMD29K-Macros,  Up: AMD29K Syntax

Special Characters
..................

   `;' is the line comment character.

   The character `?' is permitted in identifiers (but may not begin an
identifier).


File: as.info,  Node: AMD29K-Regs,  Prev: AMD29K-Chars,  Up: AMD29K Syntax

Register Names
..............

   General-purpose registers are represented by predefined symbols of
the form `GRNNN' (for global registers) or `LRNNN' (for local
registers), where NNN represents a number between `0' and `127',
written with no leading zeros.  The leading letters may be in either
upper or lower case; for example, `gr13' and `LR7' are both valid
register names.

   You may also refer to general-purpose registers by specifying the
register number as the result of an expression (prefixed with `%%' to
flag the expression as a register number):
     %%EXPRESSION

--where EXPRESSION must be an absolute expression evaluating to a
number between `0' and `255'.  The range [0, 127] refers to global
registers, and the range [128, 255] to local registers.

   In addition, `as' understands the following protected
special-purpose register names for the AMD 29K family:

       vab    chd    pc0
       ops    chc    pc1
       cps    rbp    pc2
       cfg    tmc    mmu
       cha    tmr    lru

   These unprotected special-purpose register names are also recognized:
       ipc    alu    fpe
       ipa    bp     inte
       ipb    fc     fps
       q      cr     exop


File: as.info,  Node: AMD29K Floating Point,  Next: AMD29K Directives,  Prev: AMD29K Syntax,  Up: AMD29K-Dependent

Floating Point
--------------

   The AMD 29K family uses IEEE floating-point numbers.


File: as.info,  Node: AMD29K Directives,  Next: AMD29K Opcodes,  Prev: AMD29K Floating Point,  Up: AMD29K-Dependent

AMD 29K Machine Directives
--------------------------

`.block SIZE , FILL'
     This directive emits SIZE bytes, each of value FILL.  Both SIZE
     and FILL are absolute expressions.  If the comma and FILL are
     omitted, FILL is assumed to be zero.

     In other versions of the GNU assembler, this directive is called
     `.space'.

`.cputype'
     This directive is ignored; it is accepted for compatibility with
     other AMD 29K assemblers.

`.file'
     This directive is ignored; it is accepted for compatibility with
     other AMD 29K assemblers.

          *Warning:* in other versions of the GNU assembler, `.file' is
          used for the directive called `.app-file' in the AMD 29K
          support.

`.line'
     This directive is ignored; it is accepted for compatibility with
     other AMD 29K assemblers.

`.sect'
     This directive is ignored; it is accepted for compatibility with
     other AMD 29K assemblers.

`.use SECTION NAME'
     Establishes the section and subsection for the following code;
     SECTION NAME may be one of `.text', `.data', `.data1', or `.lit'.
     With one of the first three SECTION NAME options, `.use' is
     equivalent to the machine directive SECTION NAME; the remaining
     case, `.use .lit', is the same as `.data 200'.


File: as.info,  Node: AMD29K Opcodes,  Prev: AMD29K Directives,  Up: AMD29K-Dependent

Opcodes
-------

   `as' implements all the standard AMD 29K opcodes.  No additional
pseudo-instructions are needed on this family.

   For information on the 29K machine instruction set, see `Am29000
User's Manual', Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.


File: as.info,  Node: D10V-Dependent,  Next: H8/300-Dependent,  Prev: AMD29K-Dependent,  Up: Machine Dependencies

D10V Dependent Features
=======================

* Menu:

* D10V-Opts::                   D10V Options
* D10V-Syntax::                 Syntax
* D10V-Float::                  Floating Point
* D10V-Opcodes::                Opcodes


File: as.info,  Node: D10V-Opts,  Next: D10V-Syntax,  Up: D10V-Dependent

D10V Options
------------

   The Mitsubishi D10V version of `as' has a few machine dependent
options.

`-O'
     The D10V can often execute two sub-instructions in parallel. When
     this option is used, `as' will attempt to optimize its output by
     detecting when instructions can be executed in parallel.


File: as.info,  Node: D10V-Syntax,  Next: D10V-Float,  Prev: D10V-Opts,  Up: D10V-Dependent

Syntax
------

   The D10V syntax is based on the syntax in Mitsubishi's D10V
architecture manual.  The differences are detailed below.

* Menu:

* D10V-Size::                 Size Modifiers
* D10V-Subs::                 Sub-Instructions
* D10V-Chars::                Special Characters
* D10V-Regs::                 Register Names
* D10V-Addressing::           Addressing Modes
* D10V-Word::                 @WORD Modifier


File: as.info,  Node: D10V-Size,  Next: D10V-Subs,  Up: D10V-Syntax

Size Modifiers
..............

   The D10V version of `as' uses the instruction names in the D10V
Architecture Manual.  However, the names in the manual are sometimes
ambiguous.  There are instruction names that can assemble to a short or
long form opcode.  How does the assembler pick the correct form?  `as'
will always pick the smallest form if it can.  When dealing with a
symbol that is not defined yet when a line is being assembled, it will
always use the long form.  If you need to force the assembler to use
either the short or long form of the instruction, you can append either
`.s' (short) or `.l' (long) to it.  For example, if you are writing an
assembly program and you want to do a branch to a symbol that is
defined later in your program, you can write `bra.s   foo'.  Objdump
and GDB will always append `.s' or `.l' to instructions which have both
short and long forms.


File: as.info,  Node: D10V-Subs,  Next: D10V-Chars,  Prev: D10V-Size,  Up: D10V-Syntax

Sub-Instructions
................

   The D10V assembler takes as input a series of instructions, either
one-per-line, or in the special two-per-line format described in the
next section.  Some of these instructions will be short-form or
sub-instructions.  These sub-instructions can be packed into a single
instruction.  The assembler will do this automatically.  It will also
detect when it should not pack instructions.  For example, when a label
is defined, the next instruction will never be packaged with the
previous one.  Whenever a branch and link instruction is called, it
will not be packaged with the next instruction so the return address
will be valid.  Nops are automatically inserted when necessary.

   If you do not want the assembler automatically making these
decisions, you can control the packaging and execution type (parallel
or sequential) with the special execution symbols described in the next
section.


File: as.info,  Node: D10V-Chars,  Next: D10V-Regs,  Prev: D10V-Subs,  Up: D10V-Syntax

Special Characters
..................

   `;' and `#' are the line comment characters.  Sub-instructions may
be executed in order, in reverse-order, or in parallel.  Instructions
listed in the standard one-per-line format will be executed
sequentially.  To specify the executing order, use the following
symbols:
`->'
     Sequential with instruction on the left first.

`<-'
     Sequential with instruction on the right first.

`||'
     Parallel The D10V syntax allows either one instruction per line,
one instruction per line with the execution symbol, or two instructions
per line.  For example
`abs       a1      ->      abs     r0'
     Execute these sequentially.  The instruction on the right is in
     the right container and is executed second.

`abs       r0      <-      abs     a1'
     Execute these reverse-sequentially.  The instruction on the right
     is in the right container, and is executed first.

`ld2w    r2,@r8+         ||      mac     a0,r0,r7'
     Execute these in parallel.

`ld2w    r2,@r8+         ||'
`mac     a0,r0,r7'
     Two-line format. Execute these in parallel.

`ld2w    r2,@r8+'
`mac     a0,r0,r7'
     Two-line format. Execute these sequentially.  Assembler will put
     them in the proper containers.

`ld2w    r2,@r8+         ->'
`mac     a0,r0,r7'
     Two-line format. Execute these sequentially.  Same as above but
     second instruction will always go into right container.  Since `$'
has no special meaning, you may use it in symbol names.


File: as.info,  Node: D10V-Regs,  Next: D10V-Addressing,  Prev: D10V-Chars,  Up: D10V-Syntax

Register Names
..............

   You can use the predefined symbols `r0' through `r15' to refer to
the D10V registers.  You can also use `sp' as an alias for `r15'.  The
accumulators are `a0' and `a1'.  There are special register-pair names
that may optionally be used in opcodes that require even-numbered
registers. Register names are not case sensitive.

   Register Pairs
`r0-r1'
`r2-r3'
`r4-r5'
`r6-r7'
`r8-r9'
`r10-r11'
`r12-r13'
`r14-r15'
   The D10V also has predefined symbols for these control registers and
status bits:
`psw'
     Processor Status Word

`bpsw'
     Backup Processor Status Word

`pc'
     Program Counter

`bpc'
     Backup Program Counter

`rpt_c'
     Repeat Count

`rpt_s'
     Repeat Start address

`rpt_e'
     Repeat End address

`mod_s'
     Modulo Start address

`mod_e'
     Modulo End address

`iba'
     Instruction Break Address

`f0'
     Flag 0

`f1'
     Flag 1

`c'
     Carry flag


File: as.info,  Node: D10V-Addressing,  Next: D10V-Word,  Prev: D10V-Regs,  Up: D10V-Syntax

Addressing Modes
................

   `as' understands the following addressing modes for the D10V.  `RN'
in the following refers to any of the numbered registers, but *not* the
control registers.
`RN'
     Register direct

`@RN'
     Register indirect

`@RN+'
     Register indirect with post-increment

`@RN-'
     Register indirect with post-decrement

`@-SP'
     Register indirect with pre-decrement

`@(DISP, RN)'
     Register indirect with displacement

`ADDR'
     PC relative address (for branch or rep).

`#IMM'
     Immediate data (the `#' is optional and ignored)


File: as.info,  Node: D10V-Word,  Prev: D10V-Addressing,  Up: D10V-Syntax

@WORD Modifier
..............

   Any symbol followed by `@word' will be replaced by the symbol's value
shifted right by 2.  This is used in situations such as loading a
register with the address of a function (or any other code fragment).
For example, if you want to load a register with the location of the
function `main' then jump to that function, you could do it as follws:
     ldi     r2, main@word
     jmp     r2


File: as.info,  Node: D10V-Float,  Next: D10V-Opcodes,  Prev: D10V-Syntax,  Up: D10V-Dependent

Floating Point
--------------

   The D10V has no hardware floating point, but the `.float' and
`.double' directives generates IEEE floating-point numbers for
compatibility with other development tools.


File: as.info,  Node: D10V-Opcodes,  Prev: D10V-Float,  Up: D10V-Dependent

Opcodes
-------

   For detailed information on the D10V machine instruction set, see
`D10V Architecture: A VLIW Microprocessor for Multimedia Applications'
(Mitsubishi Electric Corp.).  `as' implements all the standard D10V
opcodes.  The only changes are those described in the section on size
modifiers


File: as.info,  Node: H8/300-Dependent,  Next: H8/500-Dependent,  Prev: D10V-Dependent,  Up: Machine Dependencies

H8/300 Dependent Features
=========================

* Menu:

* H8/300 Options::              Options
* H8/300 Syntax::               Syntax
* H8/300 Floating Point::       Floating Point
* H8/300 Directives::           H8/300 Machine Directives
* H8/300 Opcodes::              Opcodes


File: as.info,  Node: H8/300 Options,  Next: H8/300 Syntax,  Up: H8/300-Dependent

Options
-------

   `as' has no additional command-line options for the Hitachi H8/300
family.


File: as.info,  Node: H8/300 Syntax,  Next: H8/300 Floating Point,  Prev: H8/300 Options,  Up: H8/300-Dependent

Syntax
------

* Menu:

* H8/300-Chars::                Special Characters
* H8/300-Regs::                 Register Names
* H8/300-Addressing::           Addressing Modes


File: as.info,  Node: H8/300-Chars,  Next: H8/300-Regs,  Up: H8/300 Syntax

Special Characters
..................

   `;' is the line comment character.

   `$' can be used instead of a newline to separate statements.
Therefore *you may not use `$' in symbol names* on the H8/300.


File: as.info,  Node: H8/300-Regs,  Next: H8/300-Addressing,  Prev: H8/300-Chars,  Up: H8/300 Syntax

Register Names
..............

   You can use predefined symbols of the form `rNh' and `rNl' to refer
to the H8/300 registers as sixteen 8-bit general-purpose registers.  N
is a digit from `0' to `7'); for instance, both `r0h' and `r7l' are
valid register names.

   You can also use the eight predefined symbols `rN' to refer to the
H8/300 registers as 16-bit registers (you must use this form for
addressing).

   On the H8/300H, you can also use the eight predefined symbols `erN'
(`er0' ... `er7') to refer to the 32-bit general purpose registers.

   The two control registers are called `pc' (program counter; a 16-bit
register, except on the H8/300H where it is 24 bits) and `ccr'
(condition code register; an 8-bit register).  `r7' is used as the
stack pointer, and can also be called `sp'.


File: as.info,  Node: H8/300-Addressing,  Prev: H8/300-Regs,  Up: H8/300 Syntax

Addressing Modes
................

   as understands the following addressing modes for the H8/300:
`rN'
     Register direct

`@rN'
     Register indirect

`@(D, rN)'
`@(D:16, rN)'
`@(D:24, rN)'
     Register indirect: 16-bit or 24-bit displacement D from register
     N.  (24-bit displacements are only meaningful on the H8/300H.)

`@rN+'
     Register indirect with post-increment

`@-rN'
     Register indirect with pre-decrement

``@'AA'
``@'AA:8'
``@'AA:16'
``@'AA:24'
     Absolute address `aa'.  (The address size `:24' only makes sense
     on the H8/300H.)

`#XX'
`#XX:8'
`#XX:16'
`#XX:32'
     Immediate data XX.  You may specify the `:8', `:16', or `:32' for
     clarity, if you wish; but `as' neither requires this nor uses
     it--the data size required is taken from context.

``@'`@'AA'
``@'`@'AA:8'
     Memory indirect.  You may specify the `:8' for clarity, if you
     wish; but `as' neither requires this nor uses it.


File: as.info,  Node: H8/300 Floating Point,  Next: H8/300 Directives,  Prev: H8/300 Syntax,  Up: H8/300-Dependent

Floating Point
--------------

   The H8/300 family has no hardware floating point, but the `.float'
directive generates IEEE floating-point numbers for compatibility with
other development tools.


File: as.info,  Node: H8/300 Directives,  Next: H8/300 Opcodes,  Prev: H8/300 Floating Point,  Up: H8/300-Dependent

H8/300 Machine Directives
-------------------------

   `as' has only one machine-dependent directive for the H8/300:

`.h8300h'
     Recognize and emit additional instructions for the H8/300H
     variant, and also make `.int' emit 32-bit numbers rather than the
     usual (16-bit) for the H8/300 family.

   On the H8/300 family (including the H8/300H) `.word' directives
generate 16-bit numbers.


File: as.info,  Node: H8/300 Opcodes,  Prev: H8/300 Directives,  Up: H8/300-Dependent

Opcodes
-------

   For detailed information on the H8/300 machine instruction set, see
`H8/300 Series Programming Manual' (Hitachi ADE-602-025).  For
information specific to the H8/300H, see `H8/300H Series Programming
Manual' (Hitachi).

   `as' implements all the standard H8/300 opcodes.  No additional
pseudo-instructions are needed on this family.

   The following table summarizes the H8/300 opcodes, and their
arguments.  Entries marked `*' are opcodes used only on the H8/300H.

              Legend:
                 Rs   source register
                 Rd   destination register
                 abs  absolute address
                 imm  immediate data
              disp:N  N-bit displacement from a register
             pcrel:N  N-bit displacement relative to program counter
     
        add.b #imm,rd              *  andc #imm,ccr
        add.b rs,rd                   band #imm,rd
        add.w rs,rd                   band #imm,@rd
     *  add.w #imm,rd                 band #imm,@abs:8
     *  add.l rs,rd                   bra  pcrel:8
     *  add.l #imm,rd              *  bra  pcrel:16
        adds #imm,rd                  bt   pcrel:8
        addx #imm,rd               *  bt   pcrel:16
        addx rs,rd                    brn  pcrel:8
        and.b #imm,rd              *  brn  pcrel:16
        and.b rs,rd                   bf   pcrel:8
     *  and.w rs,rd                *  bf   pcrel:16
     *  and.w #imm,rd                 bhi  pcrel:8
     *  and.l #imm,rd              *  bhi  pcrel:16
     *  and.l rs,rd                   bls  pcrel:8
     
     *  bls  pcrel:16                 bld  #imm,rd
        bcc  pcrel:8                  bld  #imm,@rd
     *  bcc  pcrel:16                 bld  #imm,@abs:8
        bhs  pcrel:8                  bnot #imm,rd
     *  bhs  pcrel:16                 bnot #imm,@rd
        bcs  pcrel:8                  bnot #imm,@abs:8
     *  bcs  pcrel:16                 bnot rs,rd
        blo  pcrel:8                  bnot rs,@rd
     *  blo  pcrel:16                 bnot rs,@abs:8
        bne  pcrel:8                  bor  #imm,rd
     *  bne  pcrel:16                 bor  #imm,@rd
        beq  pcrel:8                  bor  #imm,@abs:8
     *  beq  pcrel:16                 bset #imm,rd
        bvc  pcrel:8                  bset #imm,@rd
     *  bvc  pcrel:16                 bset #imm,@abs:8
        bvs  pcrel:8                  bset rs,rd
     *  bvs  pcrel:16                 bset rs,@rd
        bpl  pcrel:8                  bset rs,@abs:8
     *  bpl  pcrel:16                 bsr  pcrel:8
        bmi  pcrel:8                  bsr  pcrel:16
     *  bmi  pcrel:16                 bst  #imm,rd
        bge  pcrel:8                  bst  #imm,@rd
     *  bge  pcrel:16                 bst  #imm,@abs:8
        blt  pcrel:8                  btst #imm,rd
     *  blt  pcrel:16                 btst #imm,@rd
        bgt  pcrel:8                  btst #imm,@abs:8
     *  bgt  pcrel:16                 btst rs,rd
        ble  pcrel:8                  btst rs,@rd
     *  ble  pcrel:16                 btst rs,@abs:8
        bclr #imm,rd                  bxor #imm,rd
        bclr #imm,@rd                 bxor #imm,@rd
        bclr #imm,@abs:8              bxor #imm,@abs:8
        bclr rs,rd                    cmp.b #imm,rd
        bclr rs,@rd                   cmp.b rs,rd
        bclr rs,@abs:8                cmp.w rs,rd
        biand #imm,rd                 cmp.w rs,rd
        biand #imm,@rd             *  cmp.w #imm,rd
        biand #imm,@abs:8          *  cmp.l #imm,rd
        bild #imm,rd               *  cmp.l rs,rd
        bild #imm,@rd                 daa  rs
        bild #imm,@abs:8              das  rs
        bior #imm,rd                  dec.b rs
        bior #imm,@rd              *  dec.w #imm,rd
        bior #imm,@abs:8           *  dec.l #imm,rd
        bist #imm,rd                  divxu.b rs,rd
        bist #imm,@rd              *  divxu.w rs,rd
        bist #imm,@abs:8           *  divxs.b rs,rd
        bixor #imm,rd              *  divxs.w rs,rd
        bixor #imm,@rd                eepmov
        bixor #imm,@abs:8          *  eepmovw
     
     *  exts.w rd                     mov.w rs,@abs:16
     *  exts.l rd                  *  mov.l #imm,rd
     *  extu.w rd                  *  mov.l rs,rd
     *  extu.l rd                  *  mov.l @rs,rd
        inc  rs                    *  mov.l @(disp:16,rs),rd
     *  inc.w #imm,rd              *  mov.l @(disp:24,rs),rd
     *  inc.l #imm,rd              *  mov.l @rs+,rd
        jmp  @rs                   *  mov.l @abs:16,rd
        jmp  abs                   *  mov.l @abs:24,rd
        jmp  @@abs:8               *  mov.l rs,@rd
        jsr  @rs                   *  mov.l rs,@(disp:16,rd)
        jsr  abs                   *  mov.l rs,@(disp:24,rd)
        jsr  @@abs:8               *  mov.l rs,@-rd
        ldc  #imm,ccr              *  mov.l rs,@abs:16
        ldc  rs,ccr                *  mov.l rs,@abs:24
     *  ldc  @abs:16,ccr              movfpe @abs:16,rd
     *  ldc  @abs:24,ccr              movtpe rs,@abs:16
     *  ldc  @(disp:16,rs),ccr        mulxu.b rs,rd
     *  ldc  @(disp:24,rs),ccr     *  mulxu.w rs,rd
     *  ldc  @rs+,ccr              *  mulxs.b rs,rd
     *  ldc  @rs,ccr               *  mulxs.w rs,rd
     *  mov.b @(disp:24,rs),rd        neg.b rs
     *  mov.b rs,@(disp:24,rd)     *  neg.w rs
        mov.b @abs:16,rd           *  neg.l rs
        mov.b rs,rd                   nop
        mov.b @abs:8,rd               not.b rs
        mov.b rs,@abs:8            *  not.w rs
        mov.b rs,rd                *  not.l rs
        mov.b #imm,rd                 or.b #imm,rd
        mov.b @rs,rd                  or.b rs,rd
        mov.b @(disp:16,rs),rd     *  or.w #imm,rd
        mov.b @rs+,rd              *  or.w rs,rd
        mov.b @abs:8,rd            *  or.l #imm,rd
        mov.b rs,@rd               *  or.l rs,rd
        mov.b rs,@(disp:16,rd)        orc  #imm,ccr
        mov.b rs,@-rd                 pop.w rs
        mov.b rs,@abs:8            *  pop.l rs
        mov.w rs,@rd                  push.w rs
     *  mov.w @(disp:24,rs),rd     *  push.l rs
     *  mov.w rs,@(disp:24,rd)        rotl.b rs
     *  mov.w @abs:24,rd           *  rotl.w rs
     *  mov.w rs,@abs:24           *  rotl.l rs
        mov.w rs,rd                   rotr.b rs
        mov.w #imm,rd              *  rotr.w rs
        mov.w @rs,rd               *  rotr.l rs
        mov.w @(disp:16,rs),rd        rotxl.b rs
        mov.w @rs+,rd              *  rotxl.w rs
        mov.w @abs:16,rd           *  rotxl.l rs
        mov.w rs,@(disp:16,rd)        rotxr.b rs
        mov.w rs,@-rd              *  rotxr.w rs
     
     *  rotxr.l rs                 *  stc  ccr,@(disp:24,rd)
        bpt                        *  stc  ccr,@-rd
        rte                        *  stc  ccr,@abs:16
        rts                        *  stc  ccr,@abs:24
        shal.b rs                     sub.b rs,rd
     *  shal.w rs                     sub.w rs,rd
     *  shal.l rs                  *  sub.w #imm,rd
        shar.b rs                  *  sub.l rs,rd
     *  shar.w rs                  *  sub.l #imm,rd
     *  shar.l rs                     subs #imm,rd
        shll.b rs                     subx #imm,rd
     *  shll.w rs                     subx rs,rd
     *  shll.l rs                  *  trapa #imm
        shlr.b rs                     xor  #imm,rd
     *  shlr.w rs                     xor  rs,rd
     *  shlr.l rs                  *  xor.w #imm,rd
        sleep                      *  xor.w rs,rd
        stc  ccr,rd                *  xor.l #imm,rd
     *  stc  ccr,@rs               *  xor.l rs,rd
     *  stc  ccr,@(disp:16,rd)        xorc #imm,ccr

   Four H8/300 instructions (`add', `cmp', `mov', `sub') are defined
with variants using the suffixes `.b', `.w', and `.l' to specify the
size of a memory operand.  `as' supports these suffixes, but does not
require them; since one of the operands is always a register, `as' can
deduce the correct size.

   For example, since `r0' refers to a 16-bit register,
     mov    r0,@foo
is equivalent to
     mov.w  r0,@foo

   If you use the size suffixes, `as' issues a warning when the suffix
and the register size do not match.


File: as.info,  Node: H8/500-Dependent,  Next: HPPA-Dependent,  Prev: H8/300-Dependent,  Up: Machine Dependencies

H8/500 Dependent Features
=========================

* Menu:

* H8/500 Options::              Options
* H8/500 Syntax::               Syntax
* H8/500 Floating Point::       Floating Point
* H8/500 Directives::           H8/500 Machine Directives
* H8/500 Opcodes::              Opcodes


File: as.info,  Node: H8/500 Options,  Next: H8/500 Syntax,  Up: H8/500-Dependent

Options
-------

   `as' has no additional command-line options for the Hitachi H8/500
family.


File: as.info,  Node: H8/500 Syntax,  Next: H8/500 Floating Point,  Prev: H8/500 Options,  Up: H8/500-Dependent

Syntax
------

* Menu:

* H8/500-Chars::                Special Characters
* H8/500-Regs::                 Register Names
* H8/500-Addressing::           Addressing Modes


File: as.info,  Node: H8/500-Chars,  Next: H8/500-Regs,  Up: H8/500 Syntax

Special Characters
..................

   `!' is the line comment character.

   `;' can be used instead of a newline to separate statements.

   Since `$' has no special meaning, you may use it in symbol names.


File: as.info,  Node: H8/500-Regs,  Next: H8/500-Addressing,  Prev: H8/500-Chars,  Up: H8/500 Syntax

Register Names
..............

   You can use the predefined symbols `r0', `r1', `r2', `r3', `r4',
`r5', `r6', and `r7' to refer to the H8/500 registers.

   The H8/500 also has these control registers:

`cp'
     code pointer

`dp'
     data pointer

`bp'
     base pointer

`tp'
     stack top pointer

`ep'
     extra pointer

`sr'
     status register

`ccr'
     condition code register

   All registers are 16 bits long.  To represent 32 bit numbers, use two
adjacent registers; for distant memory addresses, use one of the segment
pointers (`cp' for the program counter; `dp' for `r0'-`r3'; `ep' for
`r4' and `r5'; and `tp' for `r6' and `r7'.


File: as.info,  Node: H8/500-Addressing,  Prev: H8/500-Regs,  Up: H8/500 Syntax

Addressing Modes
................

   as understands the following addressing modes for the H8/500:
`RN'
     Register direct

`@RN'
     Register indirect

`@(d:8, RN)'
     Register indirect with 8 bit signed displacement

`@(d:16, RN)'
     Register indirect with 16 bit signed displacement

`@-RN'
     Register indirect with pre-decrement

`@RN+'
     Register indirect with post-increment

`@AA:8'
     8 bit absolute address

`@AA:16'
     16 bit absolute address

`#XX:8'
     8 bit immediate

`#XX:16'
     16 bit immediate


File: as.info,  Node: H8/500 Floating Point,  Next: H8/500 Directives,  Prev: H8/500 Syntax,  Up: H8/500-Dependent

Floating Point
--------------

   The H8/500 family has no hardware floating point, but the `.float'
directive generates IEEE floating-point numbers for compatibility with
other development tools.


File: as.info,  Node: H8/500 Directives,  Next: H8/500 Opcodes,  Prev: H8/500 Floating Point,  Up: H8/500-Dependent

H8/500 Machine Directives
-------------------------

   `as' has no machine-dependent directives for the H8/500.  However,
on this platform the `.int' and `.word' directives generate 16-bit
numbers.


File: as.info,  Node: H8/500 Opcodes,  Prev: H8/500 Directives,  Up: H8/500-Dependent

Opcodes
-------

   For detailed information on the H8/500 machine instruction set, see
`H8/500 Series Programming Manual' (Hitachi M21T001).

   `as' implements all the standard H8/500 opcodes.  No additional
pseudo-instructions are needed on this family.

   The following table summarizes H8/500 opcodes and their operands:

     Legend:
     abs8      8-bit absolute address
     abs16     16-bit absolute address
     abs24     24-bit absolute address
     crb       `ccr', `br', `ep', `dp', `tp', `dp'
     disp8     8-bit displacement
     ea        `rn', `@rn', `@(d:8, rn)', `@(d:16, rn)',
               `@-rn', `@rn+', `@aa:8', `@aa:16',
               `#xx:8', `#xx:16'
     ea_mem    `@rn', `@(d:8, rn)', `@(d:16, rn)',
               `@-rn', `@rn+', `@aa:8', `@aa:16'
     ea_noimm  `rn', `@rn', `@(d:8, rn)', `@(d:16, rn)',
               `@-rn', `@rn+', `@aa:8', `@aa:16'
     fp        r6
     imm4      4-bit immediate data
     imm8      8-bit immediate data
     imm16     16-bit immediate data
     pcrel8    8-bit offset from program counter
     pcrel16   16-bit offset from program counter
     qim       `-2', `-1', `1', `2'
     rd        any register
     rs        a register distinct from rd
     rlist     comma-separated list of registers in parentheses;
               register ranges `rd-rs' are allowed
     sp        stack pointer (`r7')
     sr        status register
     sz        size; `.b' or `.w'.  If omitted, default `.w'
     
     ldc[.b] ea,crb                 bcc[.w] pcrel16
     ldc[.w] ea,sr                  bcc[.b] pcrel8
     add[:q] sz qim,ea_noimm        bhs[.w] pcrel16
     add[:g] sz ea,rd               bhs[.b] pcrel8
     adds sz ea,rd                  bcs[.w] pcrel16
     addx sz ea,rd                  bcs[.b] pcrel8
     and sz ea,rd                   blo[.w] pcrel16
     andc[.b] imm8,crb              blo[.b] pcrel8
     andc[.w] imm16,sr              bne[.w] pcrel16
     bpt                            bne[.b] pcrel8
     bra[.w] pcrel16                beq[.w] pcrel16
     bra[.b] pcrel8                 beq[.b] pcrel8
     bt[.w] pcrel16                 bvc[.w] pcrel16
     bt[.b] pcrel8                  bvc[.b] pcrel8
     brn[.w] pcrel16                bvs[.w] pcrel16
     brn[.b] pcrel8                 bvs[.b] pcrel8
     bf[.w] pcrel16                 bpl[.w] pcrel16
     bf[.b] pcrel8                  bpl[.b] pcrel8
     bhi[.w] pcrel16                bmi[.w] pcrel16
     bhi[.b] pcrel8                 bmi[.b] pcrel8
     bls[.w] pcrel16                bge[.w] pcrel16
     bls[.b] pcrel8                 bge[.b] pcrel8
     
     blt[.w] pcrel16                mov[:g][.b] imm8,ea_mem
     blt[.b] pcrel8                 mov[:g][.w] imm16,ea_mem
     bgt[.w] pcrel16                movfpe[.b] ea,rd
     bgt[.b] pcrel8                 movtpe[.b] rs,ea_noimm
     ble[.w] pcrel16                mulxu sz ea,rd
     ble[.b] pcrel8                 neg sz ea
     bclr sz imm4,ea_noimm          nop
     bclr sz rs,ea_noimm            not sz ea
     bnot sz imm4,ea_noimm          or sz ea,rd
     bnot sz rs,ea_noimm            orc[.b] imm8,crb
     bset sz imm4,ea_noimm          orc[.w] imm16,sr
     bset sz rs,ea_noimm            pjmp abs24
     bsr[.b] pcrel8                 pjmp @rd
     bsr[.w] pcrel16                pjsr abs24
     btst sz imm4,ea_noimm          pjsr @rd
     btst sz rs,ea_noimm            prtd imm8
     clr sz ea                      prtd imm16
     cmp[:e][.b] imm8,rd            prts
     cmp[:i][.w] imm16,rd           rotl sz ea
     cmp[:g].b imm8,ea_noimm        rotr sz ea
     cmp[:g][.w] imm16,ea_noimm     rotxl sz ea
     Cmp[:g] sz ea,rd               rotxr sz ea
     dadd rs,rd                     rtd imm8
     divxu sz ea,rd                 rtd imm16
     dsub rs,rd                     rts
     exts[.b] rd                    scb/f rs,pcrel8
     extu[.b] rd                    scb/ne rs,pcrel8
     jmp @rd                        scb/eq rs,pcrel8
     jmp @(imm8,rd)                 shal sz ea
     jmp @(imm16,rd)                shar sz ea
     jmp abs16                      shll sz ea
     jsr @rd                        shlr sz ea
     jsr @(imm8,rd)                 sleep
     jsr @(imm16,rd)                stc[.b] crb,ea_noimm
     jsr abs16                      stc[.w] sr,ea_noimm
     ldm @sp+,(rlist)               stm (rlist),@-sp
     link fp,imm8                   sub sz ea,rd
     link fp,imm16                  subs sz ea,rd
     mov[:e][.b] imm8,rd            subx sz ea,rd
     mov[:i][.w] imm16,rd           swap[.b] rd
     mov[:l][.w] abs8,rd            tas[.b] ea
     mov[:l].b abs8,rd              trapa imm4
     mov[:s][.w] rs,abs8            trap/vs
     mov[:s].b rs,abs8              tst sz ea
     mov[:f][.w] @(disp8,fp),rd     unlk fp
     mov[:f][.w] rs,@(disp8,fp)     xch[.w] rs,rd
     mov[:f].b @(disp8,fp),rd       xor sz ea,rd
     mov[:f].b rs,@(disp8,fp)       xorc.b imm8,crb
     mov[:g] sz rs,ea_mem           xorc.w imm16,sr
     mov[:g] sz ea,rd


File: as.info,  Node: HPPA-Dependent,  Next: i386-Dependent,  Prev: H8/500-Dependent,  Up: Machine Dependencies

HPPA Dependent Features
=======================

* Menu:

* HPPA Notes::                Notes
* HPPA Options::              Options
* HPPA Syntax::               Syntax
* HPPA Floating Point::       Floating Point
* HPPA Directives::           HPPA Machine Directives
* HPPA Opcodes::              Opcodes


File: as.info,  Node: HPPA Notes,  Next: HPPA Options,  Up: HPPA-Dependent

Notes
-----

   As a back end for GNU CC `as' has been throughly tested and should
work extremely well.  We have tested it only minimally on hand written
assembly code and no one has tested it much on the assembly output from
the HP compilers.

   The format of the debugging sections has changed since the original
`as' port (version 1.3X) was released; therefore, you must rebuild all
HPPA objects and libraries with the new assembler so that you can debug
the final executable.

   The HPPA `as' port generates a small subset of the relocations
available in the SOM and ELF object file formats.  Additional relocation
support will be added as it becomes necessary.


File: as.info,  Node: HPPA Options,  Next: HPPA Syntax,  Prev: HPPA Notes,  Up: HPPA-Dependent

Options
-------

   `as' has no machine-dependent command-line options for the HPPA.


File: as.info,  Node: HPPA Syntax,  Next: HPPA Floating Point,  Prev: HPPA Options,  Up: HPPA-Dependent

Syntax
------

   The assembler syntax closely follows the HPPA instruction set
reference manual; assembler directives and general syntax closely
follow the HPPA assembly language reference manual, with a few
noteworthy differences.

   First, a colon may immediately follow a label definition.  This is
simply for compatibility with how most assembly language programmers
write code.

   Some obscure expression parsing problems may affect hand written
code which uses the `spop' instructions, or code which makes significant
use of the `!' line separator.

   `as' is much less forgiving about missing arguments and other
similar oversights than the HP assembler.  `as' notifies you of missing
arguments as syntax errors; this is regarded as a feature, not a bug.

   Finally, `as' allows you to use an external symbol without
explicitly importing the symbol.  *Warning:* in the future this will be
an error for HPPA targets.

   Special characters for HPPA targets include:

   `;' is the line comment character.

   `!' can be used instead of a newline to separate statements.

   Since `$' has no special meaning, you may use it in symbol names.


File: as.info,  Node: HPPA Floating Point,  Next: HPPA Directives,  Prev: HPPA Syntax,  Up: HPPA-Dependent

Floating Point
--------------

   The HPPA family uses IEEE floating-point numbers.


File: as.info,  Node: HPPA Directives,  Next: HPPA Opcodes,  Prev: HPPA Floating Point,  Up: HPPA-Dependent

HPPA Assembler Directives
-------------------------

   `as' for the HPPA supports many additional directives for
compatibility with the native assembler.  This section describes them
only briefly.  For detailed information on HPPA-specific assembler
directives, see `HP9000 Series 800 Assembly Language Reference Manual'
(HP 92432-90001).

   `as' does *not* support the following assembler directives described
in the HP manual:

     .endm           .liston
     .enter          .locct
     .leave          .macro
     .listoff

   Beyond those implemented for compatibility, `as' supports one
additional assembler directive for the HPPA: `.param'.  It conveys
register argument locations for static functions.  Its syntax closely
follows the `.export' directive.

   These are the additional directives in `as' for the HPPA:

`.block N'
`.blockz N'
     Reserve N bytes of storage, and initialize them to zero.

`.call'
     Mark the beginning of a procedure call.  Only the special case
     with *no arguments* is allowed.

`.callinfo [ PARAM=VALUE, ... ]  [ FLAG, ... ]'
     Specify a number of parameters and flags that define the
     environment for a procedure.

     PARAM may be any of `frame' (frame size), `entry_gr' (end of
     general register range), `entry_fr' (end of float register range),
     `entry_sr' (end of space register range).

     The values for FLAG are `calls' or `caller' (proc has
     subroutines), `no_calls' (proc does not call subroutines),
     `save_rp' (preserve return pointer), `save_sp' (proc preserves
     stack pointer), `no_unwind' (do not unwind this proc), `hpux_int'
     (proc is interrupt routine).

`.code'
     Assemble into the standard section called `$TEXT$', subsection
     `$CODE$'.

`.copyright "STRING"'
     In the SOM object format, insert STRING into the object code,
     marked as a copyright string.

`.copyright "STRING"'
     In the ELF object format, insert STRING into the object code,
     marked as a version string.

`.enter'
     Not yet supported; the assembler rejects programs containing this
     directive.

`.entry'
     Mark the beginning of a procedure.

`.exit'
     Mark the end of a procedure.

`.export NAME [ ,TYP ]  [ ,PARAM=R ]'
     Make a procedure NAME available to callers.  TYP, if present, must
     be one of `absolute', `code' (ELF only, not SOM), `data', `entry',
     `data', `entry', `millicode', `plabel', `pri_prog', or `sec_prog'.

     PARAM, if present, provides either relocation information for the
     procedure arguments and result, or a privilege level.  PARAM may be
     `argwN' (where N ranges from `0' to `3', and indicates one of four
     one-word arguments); `rtnval' (the procedure's result); or
     `priv_lev' (privilege level).  For arguments or the result, R
     specifies how to relocate, and must be one of `no' (not
     relocatable), `gr' (argument is in general register), `fr' (in
     floating point register), or `fu' (upper half of float register).
     For `priv_lev', R is an integer.

`.half N'
     Define a two-byte integer constant N; synonym for the portable
     `as' directive `.short'.

`.import NAME [ ,TYP ]'
     Converse of `.export'; make a procedure available to call.  The
     arguments use the same conventions as the first two arguments for
     `.export'.

`.label NAME'
     Define NAME as a label for the current assembly location.

`.leave'
     Not yet supported; the assembler rejects programs containing this
     directive.

`.origin LC'
     Advance location counter to LC. Synonym for the `{No Value For
     "as"}' portable directive `.org'.

`.param NAME [ ,TYP ]  [ ,PARAM=R ]'
     Similar to `.export', but used for static procedures.

`.proc'
     Use preceding the first statement of a procedure.

`.procend'
     Use following the last statement of a procedure.

`LABEL .reg EXPR'
     Synonym for `.equ'; define LABEL with the absolute expression EXPR
     as its value.

`.space SECNAME [ ,PARAMS ]'
     Switch to section SECNAME, creating a new section by that name if
     necessary.  You may only use PARAMS when creating a new section,
     not when switching to an existing one.  SECNAME may identify a
     section by number rather than by name.

     If specified, the list PARAMS declares attributes of the section,
     identified by keywords.  The keywords recognized are `spnum=EXP'
     (identify this section by the number EXP, an absolute expression),
     `sort=EXP' (order sections according to this sort key when linking;
     EXP is an absolute expression), `unloadable' (section contains no
     loadable data), `notdefined' (this section defined elsewhere), and
     `private' (data in this section not available to other programs).

`.spnum SECNAM'
     Allocate four bytes of storage, and initialize them with the
     section number of the section named SECNAM.  (You can define the
     section number with the HPPA `.space' directive.)

`.string "STR"'
     Copy the characters in the string STR to the object file.  *Note
     Strings: Strings, for information on escape sequences you can use
     in `as' strings.

     *Warning!* The HPPA version of `.string' differs from the usual
     `as' definition: it does *not* write a zero byte after copying STR.

`.stringz "STR"'
     Like `.string', but appends a zero byte after copying STR to object
     file.

`.subspa NAME [ ,PARAMS ]'
`.nsubspa NAME [ ,PARAMS ]'
     Similar to `.space', but selects a subsection NAME within the
     current section.  You may only specify PARAMS when you create a
     subsection (in the first instance of `.subspa' for this NAME).

     If specified, the list PARAMS declares attributes of the
     subsection, identified by keywords.  The keywords recognized are
     `quad=EXPR' ("quadrant" for this subsection), `align=EXPR'
     (alignment for beginning of this subsection; a power of two),
     `access=EXPR' (value for "access rights" field), `sort=EXPR'
     (sorting order for this subspace in link), `code_only' (subsection
     contains only code), `unloadable' (subsection cannot be loaded
     into memory), `common' (subsection is common block), `dup_comm'
     (initialized data may have duplicate names), or `zero' (subsection
     is all zeros, do not write in object file).

     `.nsubspa' always creates a new subspace with the given name, even
     if one with the same name already exists.

`.version "STR"'
     Write STR as version identifier in object code.


File: as.info,  Node: HPPA Opcodes,  Prev: HPPA Directives,  Up: HPPA-Dependent

Opcodes
-------

   For detailed information on the HPPA machine instruction set, see
`PA-RISC Architecture and Instruction Set Reference Manual' (HP
09740-90039).


File: as.info,  Node: i386-Dependent,  Next: i960-Dependent,  Prev: HPPA-Dependent,  Up: Machine Dependencies

80386 Dependent Features
========================

* Menu:

* i386-Options::                Options
* i386-Syntax::                 AT&T Syntax versus Intel Syntax
* i386-Opcodes::                Opcode Naming
* i386-Regs::                   Register Naming
* i386-prefixes::               Opcode Prefixes
* i386-Memory::                 Memory References
* i386-jumps::                  Handling of Jump Instructions
* i386-Float::                  Floating Point
* i386-16bit::                  Writing 16-bit Code
* i386-Notes::                  Notes


File: as.info,  Node: i386-Options,  Next: i386-Syntax,  Up: i386-Dependent

Options
-------

   The 80386 has no machine dependent options.


File: as.info,  Node: i386-Syntax,  Next: i386-Opcodes,  Prev: i386-Options,  Up: i386-Dependent

AT&T Syntax versus Intel Syntax
-------------------------------

   In order to maintain compatibility with the output of `gcc', `as'
supports AT&T System V/386 assembler syntax.  This is quite different
from Intel syntax.  We mention these differences because almost all
80386 documents used only Intel syntax.  Notable differences between
the two syntaxes are:

   * AT&T immediate operands are preceded by `$'; Intel immediate
     operands are undelimited (Intel `push 4' is AT&T `pushl $4').
     AT&T register operands are preceded by `%'; Intel register operands
     are undelimited.  AT&T absolute (as opposed to PC relative)
     jump/call operands are prefixed by `*'; they are undelimited in
     Intel syntax.

   * AT&T and Intel syntax use the opposite order for source and
     destination operands.  Intel `add eax, 4' is `addl $4, %eax'.  The
     `source, dest' convention is maintained for compatibility with
     previous Unix assemblers.

   * In AT&T syntax the size of memory operands is determined from the
     last character of the opcode name.  Opcode suffixes of `b', `w',
     and `l' specify byte (8-bit), word (16-bit), and long (32-bit)
     memory references.  Intel syntax accomplishes this by prefixes
     memory operands (*not* the opcodes themselves) with `byte ptr',
     `word ptr', and `dword ptr'.  Thus, Intel `mov al, byte ptr FOO'
     is `movb FOO, %al' in AT&T syntax.

   * Immediate form long jumps and calls are `lcall/ljmp $SECTION,
     $OFFSET' in AT&T syntax; the Intel syntax is `call/jmp far
     SECTION:OFFSET'.  Also, the far return instruction is `lret
     $STACK-ADJUST' in AT&T syntax; Intel syntax is `ret far
     STACK-ADJUST'.

   * The AT&T assembler does not provide support for multiple section
     programs.  Unix style systems expect all programs to be single
     sections.


File: as.info,  Node: i386-Opcodes,  Next: i386-Regs,  Prev: i386-Syntax,  Up: i386-Dependent

Opcode Naming
-------------

   Opcode names are suffixed with one character modifiers which specify
the size of operands.  The letters `b', `w', and `l' specify byte,
word, and long operands.  If no suffix is specified by an instruction
and it contains no memory operands then `as' tries to fill in the
missing suffix based on the destination register operand (the last one
by convention).  Thus, `mov %ax, %bx' is equivalent to `movw %ax, %bx';
also, `mov $1, %bx' is equivalent to `movw $1, %bx'.  Note that this is
incompatible with the AT&T Unix assembler which assumes that a missing
opcode suffix implies long operand size.  (This incompatibility does
not affect compiler output since compilers always explicitly specify
the opcode suffix.)

   Almost all opcodes have the same names in AT&T and Intel format.
There are a few exceptions.  The sign extend and zero extend
instructions need two sizes to specify them.  They need a size to
sign/zero extend *from* and a size to zero extend *to*.  This is
accomplished by using two opcode suffixes in AT&T syntax.  Base names
for sign extend and zero extend are `movs...' and `movz...' in AT&T
syntax (`movsx' and `movzx' in Intel syntax).  The opcode suffixes are
tacked on to this base name, the *from* suffix before the *to* suffix.
Thus, `movsbl %al, %edx' is AT&T syntax for "move sign extend *from*
%al *to* %edx."  Possible suffixes, thus, are `bl' (from byte to long),
`bw' (from byte to word), and `wl' (from word to long).

   The Intel-syntax conversion instructions

   * `cbw' -- sign-extend byte in `%al' to word in `%ax',

   * `cwde' -- sign-extend word in `%ax' to long in `%eax',

   * `cwd' -- sign-extend word in `%ax' to long in `%dx:%ax',

   * `cdq' -- sign-extend dword in `%eax' to quad in `%edx:%eax',

are called `cbtw', `cwtl', `cwtd', and `cltd' in AT&T naming.  `as'
accepts either naming for these instructions.

   Far call/jump instructions are `lcall' and `ljmp' in AT&T syntax,
but are `call far' and `jump far' in Intel convention.


File: as.info,  Node: i386-Regs,  Next: i386-prefixes,  Prev: i386-Opcodes,  Up: i386-Dependent

Register Naming
---------------

   Register operands are always prefixes with `%'.  The 80386 registers
consist of

   * the 8 32-bit registers `%eax' (the accumulator), `%ebx', `%ecx',
     `%edx', `%edi', `%esi', `%ebp' (the frame pointer), and `%esp'
     (the stack pointer).

   * the 8 16-bit low-ends of these: `%ax', `%bx', `%cx', `%dx', `%di',
     `%si', `%bp', and `%sp'.

   * the 8 8-bit registers: `%ah', `%al', `%bh', `%bl', `%ch', `%cl',
     `%dh', and `%dl' (These are the high-bytes and low-bytes of `%ax',
     `%bx', `%cx', and `%dx')

   * the 6 section registers `%cs' (code section), `%ds' (data
     section), `%ss' (stack section), `%es', `%fs', and `%gs'.

   * the 3 processor control registers `%cr0', `%cr2', and `%cr3'.

   * the 6 debug registers `%db0', `%db1', `%db2', `%db3', `%db6', and
     `%db7'.

   * the 2 test registers `%tr6' and `%tr7'.

   * the 8 floating point register stack `%st' or equivalently
     `%st(0)', `%st(1)', `%st(2)', `%st(3)', `%st(4)', `%st(5)',
     `%st(6)', and `%st(7)'.


File: as.info,  Node: i386-prefixes,  Next: i386-Memory,  Prev: i386-Regs,  Up: i386-Dependent

Opcode Prefixes
---------------

   Opcode prefixes are used to modify the following opcode.  They are
used to repeat string instructions, to provide section overrides, to
perform bus lock operations, and to give operand and address size
(16-bit operands are specified in an instruction by prefixing what would
normally be 32-bit operands with a "operand size" opcode prefix).
Opcode prefixes are usually given as single-line instructions with no
operands, and must directly precede the instruction they act upon.  For
example, the `scas' (scan string) instruction is repeated with:
             repne
             scas

   Here is a list of opcode prefixes:

   * Section override prefixes `cs', `ds', `ss', `es', `fs', `gs'.
     These are automatically added by specifying using the
     SECTION:MEMORY-OPERAND form for memory references.

   * Operand/Address size prefixes `data16' and `addr16' change 32-bit
     operands/addresses into 16-bit operands/addresses.  Note that
     16-bit addressing modes (i.e. 8086 and 80286 addressing modes) are
     not supported (yet).

   * The bus lock prefix `lock' inhibits interrupts during execution of
     the instruction it precedes.  (This is only valid with certain
     instructions; see a 80386 manual for details).

   * The wait for coprocessor prefix `wait' waits for the coprocessor
     to complete the current instruction.  This should never be needed
     for the 80386/80387 combination.

   * The `rep', `repe', and `repne' prefixes are added to string
     instructions to make them repeat `%ecx' times.


File: as.info,  Node: i386-Memory,  Next: i386-jumps,  Prev: i386-prefixes,  Up: i386-Dependent

Memory References
-----------------

   An Intel syntax indirect memory reference of the form

     SECTION:[BASE + INDEX*SCALE + DISP]

is translated into the AT&T syntax

     SECTION:DISP(BASE, INDEX, SCALE)

where BASE and INDEX are the optional 32-bit base and index registers,
DISP is the optional displacement, and SCALE, taking the values 1, 2,
4, and 8, multiplies INDEX to calculate the address of the operand.  If
no SCALE is specified, SCALE is taken to be 1.  SECTION specifies the
optional section register for the memory operand, and may override the
default section register (see a 80386 manual for section register
defaults). Note that section overrides in AT&T syntax *must* have be
preceded by a `%'.  If you specify a section override which coincides
with the default section register, `as' does *not* output any section
register override prefixes to assemble the given instruction.  Thus,
section overrides can be specified to emphasize which section register
is used for a given memory operand.

   Here are some examples of Intel and AT&T style memory references:

AT&T: `-4(%ebp)', Intel:  `[ebp - 4]'
     BASE is `%ebp'; DISP is `-4'. SECTION is missing, and the default
     section is used (`%ss' for addressing with `%ebp' as the base
     register).  INDEX, SCALE are both missing.

AT&T: `foo(,%eax,4)', Intel: `[foo + eax*4]'
     INDEX is `%eax' (scaled by a SCALE 4); DISP is `foo'.  All other
     fields are missing.  The section register here defaults to `%ds'.

AT&T: `foo(,1)'; Intel `[foo]'
     This uses the value pointed to by `foo' as a memory operand.  Note
     that BASE and INDEX are both missing, but there is only *one* `,'.
     This is a syntactic exception.

AT&T: `%gs:foo'; Intel `gs:foo'
     This selects the contents of the variable `foo' with section
     register SECTION being `%gs'.

   Absolute (as opposed to PC relative) call and jump operands must be
prefixed with `*'.  If no `*' is specified, `as' always chooses PC
relative addressing for jump/call labels.

   Any instruction that has a memory operand *must* specify its size
(byte, word, or long) with an opcode suffix (`b', `w', or `l',
respectively).


File: as.info,  Node: i386-jumps,  Next: i386-Float,  Prev: i386-Memory,  Up: i386-Dependent

Handling of Jump Instructions
-----------------------------

   Jump instructions are always optimized to use the smallest possible
displacements.  This is accomplished by using byte (8-bit) displacement
jumps whenever the target is sufficiently close.  If a byte displacement
is insufficient a long (32-bit) displacement is used.  We do not support
word (16-bit) displacement jumps (i.e. prefixing the jump instruction
with the `addr16' opcode prefix), since the 80386 insists upon masking
`%eip' to 16 bits after the word displacement is added.

   Note that the `jcxz', `jecxz', `loop', `loopz', `loope', `loopnz'
and `loopne' instructions only come in byte displacements, so that if
you use these instructions (`gcc' does not use them) you may get an
error message (and incorrect code).  The AT&T 80386 assembler tries to
get around this problem by expanding `jcxz foo' to

              jcxz cx_zero
              jmp cx_nonzero
     cx_zero: jmp foo
     cx_nonzero:


File: as.info,  Node: i386-Float,  Next: i386-16bit,  Prev: i386-jumps,  Up: i386-Dependent

Floating Point
--------------

   All 80387 floating point types except packed BCD are supported.
(BCD support may be added without much difficulty).  These data types
are 16-, 32-, and 64- bit integers, and single (32-bit), double
(64-bit), and extended (80-bit) precision floating point.  Each
supported type has an opcode suffix and a constructor associated with
it.  Opcode suffixes specify operand's data types.  Constructors build
these data types into memory.

   * Floating point constructors are `.float' or `.single', `.double',
     and `.tfloat' for 32-, 64-, and 80-bit formats.  These correspond
     to opcode suffixes `s', `l', and `t'.  `t' stands for temporary
     real, and that the 80387 only supports this format via the `fldt'
     (load temporary real to stack top) and `fstpt' (store temporary
     real and pop stack) instructions.

   * Integer constructors are `.word', `.long' or `.int', and `.quad'
     for the 16-, 32-, and 64-bit integer formats.  The corresponding
     opcode suffixes are `s' (single), `l' (long), and `q' (quad).  As
     with the temporary real format the 64-bit `q' format is only
     present in the `fildq' (load quad integer to stack top) and
     `fistpq' (store quad integer and pop stack) instructions.

   Register to register operations do not require opcode suffixes, so
that `fst %st, %st(1)' is equivalent to `fstl %st, %st(1)'.

   Since the 80387 automatically synchronizes with the 80386 `fwait'
instructions are almost never needed (this is not the case for the
80286/80287 and 8086/8087 combinations).  Therefore, `as' suppresses
the `fwait' instruction whenever it is implicitly selected by one of
the `fn...' instructions.  For example, `fsave' and `fnsave' are
treated identically.  In general, all the `fn...' instructions are made
equivalent to `f...' instructions.  If `fwait' is desired it must be
explicitly coded.


File: as.info,  Node: i386-16bit,  Next: i386-Notes,  Prev: i386-Float,  Up: i386-Dependent

Writing 16-bit Code
-------------------

   While GAS normally writes only "pure" 32-bit i386 code, it has
limited support for writing code to run in real mode or in 16-bit
protected mode code segments.  To do this, insert a `.code16' directive
before the assembly language instructions to be run in 16-bit mode.
You can switch GAS back to writing normal 32-bit code with the
`.code32' directive.

   GAS understands exactly the same assembly language syntax in 16-bit
mode as in 32-bit mode.  The function of any given instruction is
exactly the same regardless of mode, as long as the resulting object
code is executed in the mode for which GAS wrote it.  So, for example,
the `ret' mnemonic produces a 32-bit return instruction regardless of
whether it is to be run in 16-bit or 32-bit mode.  (If GAS is in 16-bit
mode, it will add an operand size prefix to the instruction to force it
to be a 32-bit return.)

   This means, for one thing, that you can use GNU CC to write code to
be run in real mode or 16-bit protected mode.  Just insert the statement
`asm(".code16");' at the beginning of your C source file, and while GNU
CC will still be generating 32-bit code, GAS will automatically add all
the necessary size prefixes to make that code run in 16-bit mode.  Of
course, since GNU CC only writes small-model code (it doesn't know how
to attach segment selectors to pointers like native x86 compilers do),
any 16-bit code you write with GNU CC will essentially be limited to a
64K address space.  Also, there will be a code size and performance
penalty due to all the extra address and operand size prefixes GAS has
to add to the instructions.

   Note that placing GAS in 16-bit mode does not mean that the resulting
code will necessarily run on a 16-bit pre-80386 processor.  To write
code that runs on such a processor, you would have to refrain from using
*any* 32-bit constructs which require GAS to output address or operand
size prefixes.  At the moment this would be rather difficult, because
GAS currently supports *only* 32-bit addressing modes: when writing
16-bit code, it *always* outputs address size prefixes for any
instruction that uses a non-register addressing mode.  So you can write
code that runs on 16-bit processors, but only if that code never
references memory.


File: as.info,  Node: i386-Notes,  Prev: i386-16bit,  Up: i386-Dependent

Notes
-----

   There is some trickery concerning the `mul' and `imul' instructions
that deserves mention.  The 16-, 32-, and 64-bit expanding multiplies
(base opcode `0xf6'; extension 4 for `mul' and 5 for `imul') can be
output only in the one operand form.  Thus, `imul %ebx, %eax' does
*not* select the expanding multiply; the expanding multiply would
clobber the `%edx' register, and this would confuse `gcc' output.  Use
`imul %ebx' to get the 64-bit product in `%edx:%eax'.

   We have added a two operand form of `imul' when the first operand is
an immediate mode expression and the second operand is a register.
This is just a shorthand, so that, multiplying `%eax' by 69, for
example, can be done with `imul $69, %eax' rather than `imul $69, %eax,
%eax'.


File: as.info,  Node: i960-Dependent,  Next: M68K-Dependent,  Prev: i386-Dependent,  Up: Machine Dependencies

Intel 80960 Dependent Features
==============================

* Menu:

* Options-i960::                i960 Command-line Options
* Floating Point-i960::         Floating Point
* Directives-i960::             i960 Machine Directives
* Opcodes for i960::            i960 Opcodes


File: as.info,  Node: Options-i960,  Next: Floating Point-i960,  Up: i960-Dependent

i960 Command-line Options
-------------------------

`-ACA | -ACA_A | -ACB | -ACC | -AKA | -AKB | -AKC | -AMC'
     Select the 80960 architecture.  Instructions or features not
     supported by the selected architecture cause fatal errors.

     `-ACA' is equivalent to `-ACA_A'; `-AKC' is equivalent to `-AMC'.
     Synonyms are provided for compatibility with other tools.

     If you do not specify any of these options, `as' generates code
     for any instruction or feature that is supported by *some* version
     of the 960 (even if this means mixing architectures!).  In
     principle, `as' attempts to deduce the minimal sufficient
     processor type if none is specified; depending on the object code
     format, the processor type may be recorded in the object file.  If
     it is critical that the `as' output match a specific architecture,
     specify that architecture explicitly.

`-b'
     Add code to collect information about conditional branches taken,
     for later optimization using branch prediction bits.  (The
     conditional branch instructions have branch prediction bits in the
     CA, CB, and CC architectures.)  If BR represents a conditional
     branch instruction, the following represents the code generated by
     the assembler when `-b' is specified:

                  call    INCREMENT ROUTINE
                  .word   0       # pre-counter
          Label:  BR
                  call    INCREMENT ROUTINE
                  .word   0       # post-counter

     The counter following a branch records the number of times that
     branch was *not* taken; the differenc between the two counters is
     the number of times the branch *was* taken.

     A table of every such `Label' is also generated, so that the
     external postprocessor `gbr960' (supplied by Intel) can locate all
     the counters.  This table is always labelled `__BRANCH_TABLE__';
     this is a local symbol to permit collecting statistics for many
     separate object files.  The table is word aligned, and begins with
     a two-word header.  The first word, initialized to 0, is used in
     maintaining linked lists of branch tables.  The second word is a
     count of the number of entries in the table, which follow
     immediately: each is a word, pointing to one of the labels
     illustrated above.

           +------------+------------+------------+ ... +------------+
           |            |            |            |     |            |
           |  *NEXT     |  COUNT: N  | *BRLAB 1   |     | *BRLAB N   |
           |            |            |            |     |            |
           +------------+------------+------------+ ... +------------+
          
                         __BRANCH_TABLE__ layout

     The first word of the header is used to locate multiple branch
     tables, since each object file may contain one. Normally the links
     are maintained with a call to an initialization routine, placed at
     the beginning of each function in the file.  The GNU C compiler
     generates these calls automatically when you give it a `-b' option.
     For further details, see the documentation of `gbr960'.

`-no-relax'
     Normally, Compare-and-Branch instructions with targets that require
     displacements greater than 13 bits (or that have external targets)
     are replaced with the corresponding compare (or `chkbit') and
     branch instructions.  You can use the `-no-relax' option to
     specify that `as' should generate errors instead, if the target
     displacement is larger than 13 bits.

     This option does not affect the Compare-and-Jump instructions; the
     code emitted for them is *always* adjusted when necessary
     (depending on displacement size), regardless of whether you use
     `-no-relax'.


File: as.info,  Node: Floating Point-i960,  Next: Directives-i960,  Prev: Options-i960,  Up: i960-Dependent

Floating Point
--------------

   `as' generates IEEE floating-point numbers for the directives
`.float', `.double', `.extended', and `.single'.


File: as.info,  Node: Directives-i960,  Next: Opcodes for i960,  Prev: Floating Point-i960,  Up: i960-Dependent

i960 Machine Directives
-----------------------

`.bss SYMBOL, LENGTH, ALIGN'
     Reserve LENGTH bytes in the bss section for a local SYMBOL,
     aligned to the power of two specified by ALIGN.  LENGTH and ALIGN
     must be positive absolute expressions.  This directive differs
     from `.lcomm' only in that it permits you to specify an alignment.
     *Note `.lcomm': Lcomm.

`.extended FLONUMS'
     `.extended' expects zero or more flonums, separated by commas; for
     each flonum, `.extended' emits an IEEE extended-format (80-bit)
     floating-point number.

`.leafproc CALL-LAB, BAL-LAB'
     You can use the `.leafproc' directive in conjunction with the
     optimized `callj' instruction to enable faster calls of leaf
     procedures.  If a procedure is known to call no other procedures,
     you may define an entry point that skips procedure prolog code
     (and that does not depend on system-supplied saved context), and
     declare it as the BAL-LAB using `.leafproc'.  If the procedure
     also has an entry point that goes through the normal prolog, you
     can specify that entry point as CALL-LAB.

     A `.leafproc' declaration is meant for use in conjunction with the
     optimized call instruction `callj'; the directive records the data
     needed later to choose between converting the `callj' into a `bal'
     or a `call'.

     CALL-LAB is optional; if only one argument is present, or if the
     two arguments are identical, the single argument is assumed to be
     the `bal' entry point.

`.sysproc NAME, INDEX'
     The `.sysproc' directive defines a name for a system procedure.
     After you define it using `.sysproc', you can use NAME to refer to
     the system procedure identified by INDEX when calling procedures
     with the optimized call instruction `callj'.

     Both arguments are required; INDEX must be between 0 and 31
     (inclusive).


File: as.info,  Node: Opcodes for i960,  Prev: Directives-i960,  Up: i960-Dependent

i960 Opcodes
------------

   All Intel 960 machine instructions are supported; *note i960
Command-line Options: Options-i960. for a discussion of selecting the
instruction subset for a particular 960 architecture.

   Some opcodes are processed beyond simply emitting a single
corresponding instruction: `callj', and Compare-and-Branch or
Compare-and-Jump instructions with target displacements larger than 13
bits.

* Menu:

* callj-i960::                  `callj'
* Compare-and-branch-i960::     Compare-and-Branch


File: as.info,  Node: callj-i960,  Next: Compare-and-branch-i960,  Up: Opcodes for i960

`callj'
.......

   You can write `callj' to have the assembler or the linker determine
the most appropriate form of subroutine call: `call', `bal', or
`calls'.  If the assembly source contains enough information--a
`.leafproc' or `.sysproc' directive defining the operand--then `as'
translates the `callj'; if not, it simply emits the `callj', leaving it
for the linker to resolve.


File: as.info,  Node: Compare-and-branch-i960,  Prev: callj-i960,  Up: Opcodes for i960

Compare-and-Branch
..................

   The 960 architectures provide combined Compare-and-Branch
instructions that permit you to store the branch target in the lower 13
bits of the instruction word itself.  However, if you specify a branch
target far enough away that its address won't fit in 13 bits, the
assembler can either issue an error, or convert your Compare-and-Branch
instruction into separate instructions to do the compare and the branch.

   Whether `as' gives an error or expands the instruction depends on
two choices you can make: whether you use the `-no-relax' option, and
whether you use a "Compare and Branch" instruction or a "Compare and
Jump" instruction.  The "Jump" instructions are *always* expanded if
necessary; the "Branch" instructions are expanded when necessary
*unless* you specify `-no-relax'--in which case `as' gives an error
instead.

   These are the Compare-and-Branch instructions, their "Jump" variants,
and the instruction pairs they may expand into:

             Compare and
          Branch      Jump       Expanded to
          ------    ------       ------------
             bbc                 chkbit; bno
             bbs                 chkbit; bo
          cmpibe    cmpije       cmpi; be
          cmpibg    cmpijg       cmpi; bg
         cmpibge   cmpijge       cmpi; bge
          cmpibl    cmpijl       cmpi; bl
         cmpible   cmpijle       cmpi; ble
         cmpibno   cmpijno       cmpi; bno
         cmpibne   cmpijne       cmpi; bne
          cmpibo    cmpijo       cmpi; bo
          cmpobe    cmpoje       cmpo; be
          cmpobg    cmpojg       cmpo; bg
         cmpobge   cmpojge       cmpo; bge
          cmpobl    cmpojl       cmpo; bl
         cmpoble   cmpojle       cmpo; ble
         cmpobne   cmpojne       cmpo; bne


File: as.info,  Node: M68K-Dependent,  Next: MIPS-Dependent,  Prev: i960-Dependent,  Up: Machine Dependencies

M680x0 Dependent Features
=========================

* Menu:

* M68K-Opts::                   M680x0 Options
* M68K-Syntax::                 Syntax
* M68K-Moto-Syntax::            Motorola Syntax
* M68K-Float::                  Floating Point
* M68K-Directives::             680x0 Machine Directives
* M68K-opcodes::                Opcodes


File: as.info,  Node: M68K-Opts,  Next: M68K-Syntax,  Up: M68K-Dependent

M680x0 Options
--------------

   The Motorola 680x0 version of `as' has a few machine dependent
options.

   You can use the `-l' option to shorten the size of references to
undefined symbols.  If you do not use the `-l' option, references to
undefined symbols are wide enough for a full `long' (32 bits).  (Since
`as' cannot know where these symbols end up, `as' can only allocate
space for the linker to fill in later.  Since `as' does not know how
far away these symbols are, it allocates as much space as it can.)  If
you use this option, the references are only one word wide (16 bits).
This may be useful if you want the object file to be as small as
possible, and you know that the relevant symbols are always less than
17 bits away.

   For some configurations, especially those where the compiler normally
does not prepend an underscore to the names of user variables, the
assembler requires a `%' before any use of a register name.  This is
intended to let the assembler distinguish between C variables and
functions named `a0' through `a7', and so on.  The `%' is always
accepted, but is not required for certain configurations, notably
`sun3'.  The `--register-prefix-optional' option may be used to permit
omitting the `%' even for configurations for which it is normally
required.  If this is done, it will generally be impossible to refer to
C variables and functions with the same names as register names.

   Normally the character `|' is treated as a comment character, which
means that it can not be used in expressions.  The `--bitwise-or'
option turns `|' into a normal character.  In this mode, you must
either use C style comments, or start comments with a `#' character at
the beginning of a line.

   If you use an addressing mode with a base register without specifying
the size, `as' will normally use the full 32 bit value.  For example,
the addressing mode `%a0@(%d0)' is equivalent to `%a0@(%d0:l)'.  You
may use the `--base-size-default-16' option to tell `as' to default to
using the 16 bit value.  In this case, `%a0@(%d0)' is equivalent to
`%a0@(%d0:w)'.  You may use the `--base-size-default-32' option to
restore the default behaviour.

   If you use an addressing mode with a displacement, and the value of
the displacement is not known, `as' will normally assume that the value
is 32 bits.  For example, if the symbol `disp' has not been defined,
`as' will assemble the addressing mode `%a0@(disp,%d0)' as though
`disp' is a 32 bit value.  You may use the `--disp-size-default-16'
option to tell `as' to instead assume that the displacement is 16 bits.
In this case, `as' will assemble `%a0@(disp,%d0)' as though `disp' is
a 16 bit value.  You may use the `--disp-size-default-32' option to
restore the default behaviour.

   `as' can assemble code for several different members of the Motorola
680x0 family.  The default depends upon how `as' was configured when it
was built; normally, the default is to assemble code for the 68020
microprocessor.  The following options may be used to change the
default.  These options control which instructions and addressing modes
are permitted.  The members of the 680x0 family are very similar.  For
detailed information about the differences, see the Motorola manuals.

`-m68000'
`-m68008'
`-m68302'
     Assemble for the 68000.  `-m68008' and `-m68302' are synonyms for
     `-m68000', since the chips are the same from the point of view of
     the assembler.

`-m68010'
     Assemble for the 68010.

`-m68020'
     Assemble for the 68020.  This is normally the default.

`-m68030'
     Assemble for the 68030.

`-m68040'
     Assemble for the 68040.

`-m68060'
     Assemble for the 68060.

`-mcpu32'
`-m68331'
`-m68332'
`-m68333'
`-m68340'
`-m68360'
     Assemble for the CPU32 family of chips.

`-m5200'
     Assemble for the ColdFire family of chips.

`-m68881'
`-m68882'
     Assemble 68881 floating point instructions.  This is the default
     for the 68020, 68030, and the CPU32.  The 68040 and 68060 always
     support floating point instructions.

`-mno-68881'
     Do not assemble 68881 floating point instructions.  This is the
     default for 68000 and the 68010.  The 68040 and 68060 always
     support floating point instructions, even if this option is used.

`-m68851'
     Assemble 68851 MMU instructions.  This is the default for the
     68020, 68030, and 68060.  The 68040 accepts a somewhat different
     set of MMU instructions; `-m68851' and `-m68040' should not be used
     together.

`-mno-68851'
     Do not assemble 68851 MMU instructions.  This is the default for
     the 68000, 68010, and the CPU32.  The 68040 accepts a somewhat
     different set of MMU instructions.


File: as.info,  Node: M68K-Syntax,  Next: M68K-Moto-Syntax,  Prev: M68K-Opts,  Up: M68K-Dependent

Syntax
------

   This syntax for the Motorola 680x0 was developed at MIT.

   The 680x0 version of `as' uses instructions names and syntax
compatible with the Sun assembler.  Intervening periods are ignored;
for example, `movl' is equivalent to `mov.l'.

   In the following table APC stands for any of the address registers
(`%a0' through `%a7'), the program counter (`%pc'), the zero-address
relative to the program counter (`%zpc'), a suppressed address register
(`%za0' through `%za7'), or it may be omitted entirely.  The use of
SIZE means one of `w' or `l', and it may be omitted, along with the
leading colon, unless a scale is also specified.  The use of SCALE
means one of `1', `2', `4', or `8', and it may always be omitted along
with the leading colon.

   The following addressing modes are understood:
"Immediate"
     `#NUMBER'

"Data Register"
     `%d0' through `%d7'

"Address Register"
     `%a0' through `%a7'
     `%a7' is also known as `%sp', i.e. the Stack Pointer.  `%a6' is
     also known as `%fp', the Frame Pointer.

"Address Register Indirect"
     `%a0@' through `%a7@'

"Address Register Postincrement"
     `%a0@+' through `%a7@+'

"Address Register Predecrement"
     `%a0@-' through `%a7@-'

"Indirect Plus Offset"
     `APC@(NUMBER)'

"Index"
     `APC@(NUMBER,REGISTER:SIZE:SCALE)'

     The NUMBER may be omitted.

"Postindex"
     `APC@(NUMBER)@(ONUMBER,REGISTER:SIZE:SCALE)'

     The ONUMBER or the REGISTER, but not both, may be omitted.

"Preindex"
     `APC@(NUMBER,REGISTER:SIZE:SCALE)@(ONUMBER)'

     The NUMBER may be omitted.  Omitting the REGISTER produces the
     Postindex addressing mode.

"Absolute"
     `SYMBOL', or `DIGITS', optionally followed by `:b', `:w', or `:l'.


File: as.info,  Node: M68K-Moto-Syntax,  Next: M68K-Float,  Prev: M68K-Syntax,  Up: M68K-Dependent

Motorola Syntax
---------------

   The standard Motorola syntax for this chip differs from the syntax
already discussed (*note Syntax: M68K-Syntax.).  `as' can accept
Motorola syntax for operands, even if MIT syntax is used for other
operands in the same instruction.  The two kinds of syntax are fully
compatible.

   In the following table APC stands for any of the address registers
(`%a0' through `%a7'), the program counter (`%pc'), the zero-address
relative to the program counter (`%zpc'), or a suppressed address
register (`%za0' through `%za7').  The use of SIZE means one of `w' or
`l', and it may always be omitted along with the leading dot.  The use
of SCALE means one of `1', `2', `4', or `8', and it may always be
omitted along with the leading asterisk.

   The following additional addressing modes are understood:

"Address Register Indirect"
     `(%a0)' through `(%a7)'
     `%a7' is also known as `%sp', i.e. the Stack Pointer.  `%a6' is
     also known as `%fp', the Frame Pointer.

"Address Register Postincrement"
     `(%a0)+' through `(%a7)+'

"Address Register Predecrement"
     `-(%a0)' through `-(%a7)'

"Indirect Plus Offset"
     `NUMBER(%A0)' through `NUMBER(%A7)', or `NUMBER(%PC)'.

     The NUMBER may also appear within the parentheses, as in
     `(NUMBER,%A0)'.  When used with the PC, the NUMBER may be omitted
     (with an address register, omitting the NUMBER produces Address
     Register Indirect mode).

"Index"
     `NUMBER(APC,REGISTER.SIZE*SCALE)'

     The NUMBER may be omitted, or it may appear within the
     parentheses.  The APC may be omitted.  The REGISTER and the APC
     may appear in either order.  If both APC and REGISTER are address
     registers, and the SIZE and SCALE are omitted, then the first
     register is taken as the base register, and the second as the
     index register.

"Postindex"
     `([NUMBER,APC],REGISTER.SIZE*SCALE,ONUMBER)'

     The ONUMBER, or the REGISTER, or both, may be omitted.  Either the
     NUMBER or the APC may be omitted, but not both.

"Preindex"
     `([NUMBER,APC,REGISTER.SIZE*SCALE],ONUMBER)'

     The NUMBER, or the APC, or the REGISTER, or any two of them, may
     be omitted.  The ONUMBER may be omitted.  The REGISTER and the APC
     may appear in either order.  If both APC and REGISTER are address
     registers, and the SIZE and SCALE are omitted, then the first
     register is taken as the base register, and the second as the
     index register.


File: as.info,  Node: M68K-Float,  Next: M68K-Directives,  Prev: M68K-Moto-Syntax,  Up: M68K-Dependent

Floating Point
--------------

   Packed decimal (P) format floating literals are not supported.  Feel
free to add the code!

   The floating point formats generated by directives are these.

`.float'
     `Single' precision floating point constants.

`.double'
     `Double' precision floating point constants.

`.extend'
`.ldouble'
     `Extended' precision (`long double') floating point constants.


File: as.info,  Node: M68K-Directives,  Next: M68K-opcodes,  Prev: M68K-Float,  Up: M68K-Dependent

680x0 Machine Directives
------------------------

   In order to be compatible with the Sun assembler the 680x0 assembler
understands the following directives.

`.data1'
     This directive is identical to a `.data 1' directive.

`.data2'
     This directive is identical to a `.data 2' directive.

`.even'
     This directive is a special case of the `.align' directive; it
     aligns the output to an even byte boundary.

`.skip'
     This directive is identical to a `.space' directive.


File: as.info,  Node: M68K-opcodes,  Prev: M68K-Directives,  Up: M68K-Dependent

Opcodes
-------

* Menu:

* M68K-Branch::                 Branch Improvement
* M68K-Chars::                  Special Characters


File: as.info,  Node: M68K-Branch,  Next: M68K-Chars,  Up: M68K-opcodes

Branch Improvement
..................

   Certain pseudo opcodes are permitted for branch instructions.  They
expand to the shortest branch instruction that reach the target.
Generally these mnemonics are made by substituting `j' for `b' at the
start of a Motorola mnemonic.

   The following table summarizes the pseudo-operations.  A `*' flags
cases that are more fully described after the table:

               Displacement
               +-------------------------------------------------
               |                68020   68000/10
     Pseudo-Op |BYTE    WORD    LONG    LONG      non-PC relative
               +-------------------------------------------------
          jbsr |bsrs    bsr     bsrl    jsr       jsr
           jra |bras    bra     bral    jmp       jmp
     *     jXX |bXXs    bXX     bXXl    bNXs;jmpl bNXs;jmp
     *    dbXX |dbXX    dbXX        dbXX; bra; jmpl
     *    fjXX |fbXXw   fbXXw   fbXXl             fbNXw;jmp
     
     XX: condition
     NX: negative of condition XX

                    `*'--see full description below

`jbsr'
`jra'
     These are the simplest jump pseudo-operations; they always map to
     one particular machine instruction, depending on the displacement
     to the branch target.

`jXX'
     Here, `jXX' stands for an entire family of pseudo-operations,
     where XX is a conditional branch or condition-code test.  The full
     list of pseudo-ops in this family is:
           jhi   jls   jcc   jcs   jne   jeq   jvc
           jvs   jpl   jmi   jge   jlt   jgt   jle

     For the cases of non-PC relative displacements and long
     displacements on the 68000 or 68010, `as' issues a longer code
     fragment in terms of NX, the opposite condition to XX.  For
     example, for the non-PC relative case:
              jXX foo
     gives
               bNXs oof
               jmp foo
           oof:

`dbXX'
     The full family of pseudo-operations covered here is
           dbhi   dbls   dbcc   dbcs   dbne   dbeq   dbvc
           dbvs   dbpl   dbmi   dbge   dblt   dbgt   dble
           dbf    dbra   dbt

     Other than for word and byte displacements, when the source reads
     `dbXX foo', `as' emits
               dbXX oo1
               bra oo2
           oo1:jmpl foo
           oo2:

`fjXX'
     This family includes
           fjne   fjeq   fjge   fjlt   fjgt   fjle   fjf
           fjt    fjgl   fjgle  fjnge  fjngl  fjngle fjngt
           fjnle  fjnlt  fjoge  fjogl  fjogt  fjole  fjolt
           fjor   fjseq  fjsf   fjsne  fjst   fjueq  fjuge
           fjugt  fjule  fjult  fjun

     For branch targets that are not PC relative, `as' emits
               fbNX oof
               jmp foo
           oof:
     when it encounters `fjXX foo'.


File: as.info,  Node: M68K-Chars,  Prev: M68K-Branch,  Up: M68K-opcodes

Special Characters
..................

   The immediate character is `#' for Sun compatibility.  The
line-comment character is `|' (unless the `--bitwise-or' option is
used).  If a `#' appears at the beginning of a line, it is treated as a
comment unless it looks like `# line file', in which case it is treated
normally.


File: as.info,  Node: MIPS-Dependent,  Next: SH-Dependent,  Prev: M68K-Dependent,  Up: Machine Dependencies

MIPS Dependent Features
=======================

   GNU `as' for MIPS architectures supports several different MIPS
processors, and MIPS ISA levels I through IV.  For information about
the MIPS instruction set, see `MIPS RISC Architecture', by Kane and
Heindrich (Prentice-Hall).  For an overview of MIPS assembly
conventions, see "Appendix D: Assembly Language Programming" in the
same work.

* Menu:

* MIPS Opts::   Assembler options
* MIPS Object:: ECOFF object code
* MIPS Stabs::  Directives for debugging information
* MIPS ISA::    Directives to override the ISA level
* MIPS autoextend::	Directives for extending MIPS 16 bit instructions
* MIPS insn::	Directive to mark data as an instruction


File: as.info,  Node: MIPS Opts,  Next: MIPS Object,  Up: MIPS-Dependent

Assembler options
-----------------

   The MIPS configurations of GNU `as' support these special options:

`-G NUM'
     This option sets the largest size of an object that can be
     referenced implicitly with the `gp' register.  It is only accepted
     for targets that use ECOFF format.  The default value is 8.

`-EB'
`-EL'
     Any MIPS configuration of `as' can select big-endian or
     little-endian output at run time (unlike the other GNU development
     tools, which must be configured for one or the other).  Use `-EB'
     to select big-endian output, and `-EL' for little-endian.

`-mips1'
`-mips2'
`-mips3'
`-mips4'
     Generate code for a particular MIPS Instruction Set Architecture
     level.  `-mips1' corresponds to the R2000 and R3000 processors,
     `-mips2' to the R6000 processor, `-mips3' to the R4000 processor,
     and `-mips4' to the R8000 and R10000 processors.  You can also
     switch instruction sets during the assembly; see *Note Directives
     to override the ISA level: MIPS ISA.

`-mips16'
`-no-mips16'
     Generate code for the MIPS 16 processor.  This is equivalent to
     putting `.set mips16' at the start of the assembly file.
     `-no-mips16' turns off this option.

`-m4650'
`-no-m4650'
     Generate code for the MIPS R4650 chip.  This tells the assembler
     to accept the `mad' and `madu' instruction, and to not schedule
     `nop' instructions around accesses to the `HI' and `LO' registers.
     `-no-m4650' turns off this option.

`-m4010'
`-no-m4010'
     Generate code for the LSI R4010 chip.  This tells the assembler to
     accept the R4010 specific instructions (`addciu', `ffc', etc.),
     and to not schedule `nop' instructions around accesses to the `HI'
     and `LO' registers.  `-no-m4010' turns off this option.

`-mcpu=CPU'
     Generate code for a particular MIPS cpu.  This has little effect
     on the assembler, but it is passed by `gcc'.

`-nocpp'
     This option is ignored.  It is accepted for command-line
     compatibility with other assemblers, which use it to turn off C
     style preprocessing.  With GNU `as', there is no need for
     `-nocpp', because the GNU assembler itself never runs the C
     preprocessor.

`--trap'
`--no-break'
     `as' automatically macro expands certain division and
     multiplication instructions to check for overflow and division by
     zero.  This option causes `as' to generate code to take a trap
     exception rather than a break exception when an error is detected.
     The trap instructions are only supported at Instruction Set
     Architecture level 2 and higher.

`--break'
`--no-trap'
     Generate code to take a break exception rather than a trap
     exception when an error is detected.  This is the default.


File: as.info,  Node: MIPS Object,  Next: MIPS Stabs,  Prev: MIPS Opts,  Up: MIPS-Dependent

MIPS ECOFF object code
----------------------

   Assembling for a MIPS ECOFF target supports some additional sections
besides the usual `.text', `.data' and `.bss'.  The additional sections
are `.rdata', used for read-only data, `.sdata', used for small data,
and `.sbss', used for small common objects.

   When assembling for ECOFF, the assembler uses the `$gp' (`$28')
register to form the address of a "small object".  Any object in the
`.sdata' or `.sbss' sections is considered "small" in this sense.  For
external objects, or for objects in the `.bss' section, you can use the
`gcc' `-G' option to control the size of objects addressed via `$gp';
the default value is 8, meaning that a reference to any object eight
bytes or smaller uses `$gp'.  Passing `-G 0' to `as' prevents it from
using the `$gp' register on the basis of object size (but the assembler
uses `$gp' for objects in `.sdata' or `sbss' in any case).  The size of
an object in the `.bss' section is set by the `.comm' or `.lcomm'
directive that defines it.  The size of an external object may be set
with the `.extern' directive.  For example, `.extern sym,4' declares
that the object at `sym' is 4 bytes in length, whie leaving `sym'
otherwise undefined.

   Using small ECOFF objects requires linker support, and assumes that
the `$gp' register is correctly initialized (normally done
automatically by the startup code).  MIPS ECOFF assembly code must not
modify the `$gp' register.


File: as.info,  Node: MIPS Stabs,  Next: MIPS ISA,  Prev: MIPS Object,  Up: MIPS-Dependent

Directives for debugging information
------------------------------------

   MIPS ECOFF `as' supports several directives used for generating
debugging information which are not support by traditional MIPS
assemblers.  These are `.def', `.endef', `.dim', `.file', `.scl',
`.size', `.tag', `.type', `.val', `.stabd', `.stabn', and `.stabs'.
The debugging information generated by the three `.stab' directives can
only be read by GDB, not by traditional MIPS debuggers (this
enhancement is required to fully support C++ debugging).  These
directives are primarily used by compilers, not assembly language
programmers!


File: as.info,  Node: MIPS ISA,  Next: MIPS autoextend,  Prev: MIPS Stabs,  Up: MIPS-Dependent

Directives to override the ISA level
------------------------------------

   GNU `as' supports an additional directive to change the MIPS
Instruction Set Architecture level on the fly: `.set mipsN'.  N should
be a number from 0 to 4.  A value from 1 to 4 makes the assembler
accept instructions for the corresponding ISA level, from that point on
in the assembly.  `.set mipsN' affects not only which instructions are
permitted, but also how certain macros are expanded.  `.set mips0'
restores the ISA level to its original level: either the level you
selected with command line options, or the default for your
configuration.  You can use this feature to permit specific R4000
instructions while assembling in 32 bit mode.  Use this directive with
care!

   The directive `.set mips16' puts the assembler into MIPS 16 mode, in
which it will assemble instructions for the MIPS 16 processor.  Use
`.set nomips16' to return to normal 32 bit mode.

   Traditional MIPS assemblers do not support this directive.


File: as.info,  Node: MIPS autoextend,  Next: MIPS insn,  Prev: MIPS ISA,  Up: MIPS-Dependent

Directives for extending MIPS 16 bit instructions
-------------------------------------------------

   By default, MIPS 16 instructions are automatically extended to 32
bits when necessary.  The directive `.set noautoextend' will turn this
off.  When `.set noautoextend' is in effect, any 32 bit instruction
must be explicitly extended with the `.e' modifier (e.g., `li.e
$4,1000').  The directive `.set autoextend' may be used to once again
automatically extend instructions when necessary.

   This directive is only meaningful when in MIPS 16 mode.  Traditional
MIPS assemblers do not support this directive.


File: as.info,  Node: MIPS insn,  Prev: MIPS autoextend,  Up: MIPS-Dependent

Directive to mark data as an instruction
----------------------------------------

   The `.insn' directive tells `as' that the following data is actually
instructions.  This makes a difference in MIPS 16 mode: when loading
the address of a label which precedes instructions, `as' automatically
adds 1 to the value, so that jumping to the loaded address will do the
right thing.


File: as.info,  Node: SH-Dependent,  Next: Sparc-Dependent,  Prev: MIPS-Dependent,  Up: Machine Dependencies

Hitachi SH Dependent Features
=============================

* Menu:

* SH Options::              Options
* SH Syntax::               Syntax
* SH Floating Point::       Floating Point
* SH Directives::           SH Machine Directives
* SH Opcodes::              Opcodes


File: as.info,  Node: SH Options,  Next: SH Syntax,  Up: SH-Dependent

Options
-------

   `as' has no additional command-line options for the Hitachi SH
family.


File: as.info,  Node: SH Syntax,  Next: SH Floating Point,  Prev: SH Options,  Up: SH-Dependent

Syntax
------

* Menu:

* SH-Chars::                Special Characters
* SH-Regs::                 Register Names
* SH-Addressing::           Addressing Modes


File: as.info,  Node: SH-Chars,  Next: SH-Regs,  Up: SH Syntax

Special Characters
..................

   `!' is the line comment character.

   You can use `;' instead of a newline to separate statements.

   Since `$' has no special meaning, you may use it in symbol names.


File: as.info,  Node: SH-Regs,  Next: SH-Addressing,  Prev: SH-Chars,  Up: SH Syntax

Register Names
..............

   You can use the predefined symbols `r0', `r1', `r2', `r3', `r4',
`r5', `r6', `r7', `r8', `r9', `r10', `r11', `r12', `r13', `r14', and
`r15' to refer to the SH registers.

   The SH also has these control registers:

`pr'
     procedure register (holds return address)

`pc'
     program counter

`mach'
`macl'
     high and low multiply accumulator registers

`sr'
     status register

`gbr'
     global base register

`vbr'
     vector base register (for interrupt vectors)


File: as.info,  Node: SH-Addressing,  Prev: SH-Regs,  Up: SH Syntax

Addressing Modes
................

   `as' understands the following addressing modes for the SH.  `RN' in
the following refers to any of the numbered registers, but *not* the
control registers.

`RN'
     Register direct

`@RN'
     Register indirect

`@-RN'
     Register indirect with pre-decrement

`@RN+'
     Register indirect with post-increment

`@(DISP, RN)'
     Register indirect with displacement

`@(R0, RN)'
     Register indexed

`@(DISP, GBR)'
     `GBR' offset

`@(R0, GBR)'
     GBR indexed

`ADDR'
`@(DISP, PC)'
     PC relative address (for branch or for addressing memory).  The
     `as' implementation allows you to use the simpler form ADDR
     anywhere a PC relative address is called for; the alternate form
     is supported for compatibility with other assemblers.

`#IMM'
     Immediate data


File: as.info,  Node: SH Floating Point,  Next: SH Directives,  Prev: SH Syntax,  Up: SH-Dependent

Floating Point
--------------

   The SH family has no hardware floating point, but the `.float'
directive generates IEEE floating-point numbers for compatibility with
other development tools.


File: as.info,  Node: SH Directives,  Next: SH Opcodes,  Prev: SH Floating Point,  Up: SH-Dependent

SH Machine Directives
---------------------

   `as' has no machine-dependent directives for the SH.


File: as.info,  Node: SH Opcodes,  Prev: SH Directives,  Up: SH-Dependent

Opcodes
-------

   For detailed information on the SH machine instruction set, see
`SH-Microcomputer User's Manual' (Hitachi Micro Systems, Inc.).

   `as' implements all the standard SH opcodes.  No additional
pseudo-instructions are needed on this family.  Note, however, that
because `as' supports a simpler form of PC-relative addressing, you may
simply write (for example)

     mov.l  bar,r0

where other assemblers might require an explicit displacement to `bar'
from the program counter:

     mov.l  @(DISP, PC)

   Here is a summary of SH opcodes:

     Legend:
     Rn        a numbered register
     Rm        another numbered register
     #imm      immediate data
     disp      displacement
     disp8     8-bit displacement
     disp12    12-bit displacement
     
     add #imm,Rn                    lds.l @Rn+,PR
     add Rm,Rn                      mac.w @Rm+,@Rn+
     addc Rm,Rn                     mov #imm,Rn
     addv Rm,Rn                     mov Rm,Rn
     and #imm,R0                    mov.b Rm,@(R0,Rn)
     and Rm,Rn                      mov.b Rm,@-Rn
     and.b #imm,@(R0,GBR)           mov.b Rm,@Rn
     bf disp8                       mov.b @(disp,Rm),R0
     bra disp12                     mov.b @(disp,GBR),R0
     bsr disp12                     mov.b @(R0,Rm),Rn
     bt disp8                       mov.b @Rm+,Rn
     clrmac                         mov.b @Rm,Rn
     clrt                           mov.b R0,@(disp,Rm)
     cmp/eq #imm,R0                 mov.b R0,@(disp,GBR)
     cmp/eq Rm,Rn                   mov.l Rm,@(disp,Rn)
     cmp/ge Rm,Rn                   mov.l Rm,@(R0,Rn)
     cmp/gt Rm,Rn                   mov.l Rm,@-Rn
     cmp/hi Rm,Rn                   mov.l Rm,@Rn
     cmp/hs Rm,Rn                   mov.l @(disp,Rn),Rm
     cmp/pl Rn                      mov.l @(disp,GBR),R0
     cmp/pz Rn                      mov.l @(disp,PC),Rn
     cmp/str Rm,Rn                  mov.l @(R0,Rm),Rn
     div0s Rm,Rn                    mov.l @Rm+,Rn
     div0u                          mov.l @Rm,Rn
     div1 Rm,Rn                     mov.l R0,@(disp,GBR)
     exts.b Rm,Rn                   mov.w Rm,@(R0,Rn)
     exts.w Rm,Rn                   mov.w Rm,@-Rn
     extu.b Rm,Rn                   mov.w Rm,@Rn
     extu.w Rm,Rn                   mov.w @(disp,Rm),R0
     jmp @Rn                        mov.w @(disp,GBR),R0
     jsr @Rn                        mov.w @(disp,PC),Rn
     ldc Rn,GBR                     mov.w @(R0,Rm),Rn
     ldc Rn,SR                      mov.w @Rm+,Rn
     ldc Rn,VBR                     mov.w @Rm,Rn
     ldc.l @Rn+,GBR                 mov.w R0,@(disp,Rm)
     ldc.l @Rn+,SR                  mov.w R0,@(disp,GBR)
     ldc.l @Rn+,VBR                 mova @(disp,PC),R0
     lds Rn,MACH                    movt Rn
     lds Rn,MACL                    muls Rm,Rn
     lds Rn,PR                      mulu Rm,Rn
     lds.l @Rn+,MACH                neg Rm,Rn
     lds.l @Rn+,MACL                negc Rm,Rn
     
     nop                            stc VBR,Rn
     not Rm,Rn                      stc.l GBR,@-Rn
     or #imm,R0                     stc.l SR,@-Rn
     or Rm,Rn                       stc.l VBR,@-Rn
     or.b #imm,@(R0,GBR)            sts MACH,Rn
     rotcl Rn                       sts MACL,Rn
     rotcr Rn                       sts PR,Rn
     rotl Rn                        sts.l MACH,@-Rn
     rotr Rn                        sts.l MACL,@-Rn
     rte                            sts.l PR,@-Rn
     rts                            sub Rm,Rn
     sett                           subc Rm,Rn
     shal Rn                        subv Rm,Rn
     shar Rn                        swap.b Rm,Rn
     shll Rn                        swap.w Rm,Rn
     shll16 Rn                      tas.b @Rn
     shll2 Rn                       trapa #imm
     shll8 Rn                       tst #imm,R0
     shlr Rn                        tst Rm,Rn
     shlr16 Rn                      tst.b #imm,@(R0,GBR)
     shlr2 Rn                       xor #imm,R0
     shlr8 Rn                       xor Rm,Rn
     sleep                          xor.b #imm,@(R0,GBR)
     stc GBR,Rn                     xtrct Rm,Rn
     stc SR,Rn


File: as.info,  Node: Sparc-Dependent,  Next: Z8000-Dependent,  Prev: SH-Dependent,  Up: Machine Dependencies

SPARC Dependent Features
========================

* Menu:

* Sparc-Opts::                  Options
* Sparc-Aligned-Data::		Option to enforce aligned data
* Sparc-Float::                 Floating Point
* Sparc-Directives::            Sparc Machine Directives


File: as.info,  Node: Sparc-Opts,  Next: Sparc-Aligned-Data,  Up: Sparc-Dependent

Options
-------

   The SPARC chip family includes several successive levels, using the
same core instruction set, but including a few additional instructions
at each level.  There are exceptions to this however.  For details on
what instructions each variant supports, please see the chip's
architecture reference manual.

   By default, `as' assumes the core instruction set (SPARC v6), but
"bumps" the architecture level as needed: it switches to successively
higher architectures as it encounters instructions that only exist in
the higher levels.

   If not configured for SPARC v9 (`sparc64-*-*') GAS will not bump
passed sparclite by default, an option must be passed to enable the v9
instructions.

   GAS treats sparclite as being compatible with v8, unless an
architecture is explicitly requested.  SPARC v9 is always incompatible
with sparclite.

`-Av6 | -Av7 | -Av8 | -Asparclet | -Asparclite | -Av9 | -Av9a'
     Use one of the `-A' options to select one of the SPARC
     architectures explicitly.  If you select an architecture
     explicitly, `as' reports a fatal error if it encounters an
     instruction or feature requiring a higher level.

`-xarch=v8plus | -xarch=v8plusa'
     For compatibility with the Solaris v9 assembler.  These options are
     equivalent to -Av9 and -Av9a, respectively.

`-bump'
     Warn whenever it is necessary to switch to another level.  If an
     architecture level is explicitly requested, GAS will not issue
     warnings until that level is reached, and will then bump the level
     as required (except between incompatible levels).


File: as.info,  Node: Sparc-Aligned-Data,  Next: Sparc-Float,  Prev: Sparc-Opts,  Up: Sparc-Dependent

Enforcing aligned data
----------------------

   SPARC GAS normally permits data to be misaligned.  For example, it
permits the `.long' pseudo-op to be used on a byte boundary.  However,
the native SunOS and Solaris assemblers issue an error when they see
misaligned data.

   You can use the `--enforce-aligned-data' option to make SPARC GAS
also issue an error about misaligned data, just as the SunOS and Solaris
assemblers do.

   The `--enforce-aligned-data' option is not the default because gcc
issues misaligned data pseudo-ops when it initializes certain packed
data structures (structures defined using the `packed' attribute).  You
may have to assemble with GAS in order to initialize packed data
structures in your own code.


File: as.info,  Node: Sparc-Float,  Next: Sparc-Directives,  Prev: Sparc-Aligned-Data,  Up: Sparc-Dependent

Floating Point
--------------

   The Sparc uses IEEE floating-point numbers.


File: as.info,  Node: Sparc-Directives,  Prev: Sparc-Float,  Up: Sparc-Dependent

Sparc Machine Directives
------------------------

   The Sparc version of `as' supports the following additional machine
directives:

`.align'
     This must be followed by the desired alignment in bytes.

`.common'
     This must be followed by a symbol name, a positive number, and
     `"bss"'.  This behaves somewhat like `.comm', but the syntax is
     different.

`.half'
     This is functionally identical to `.short'.

`.proc'
     This directive is ignored.  Any text following it on the same line
     is also ignored.

`.reserve'
     This must be followed by a symbol name, a positive number, and
     `"bss"'.  This behaves somewhat like `.lcomm', but the syntax is
     different.

`.seg'
     This must be followed by `"text"', `"data"', or `"data1"'.  It
     behaves like `.text', `.data', or `.data 1'.

`.skip'
     This is functionally identical to the `.space' directive.

`.word'
     On the Sparc, the `.word' directive produces 32 bit values,
     instead of the 16 bit values it produces on many other machines.

`.xword'
     On the Sparc V9 processor, the `.xword' directive produces 64 bit
     values.


File: as.info,  Node: Z8000-Dependent,  Next: Vax-Dependent,  Prev: Sparc-Dependent,  Up: Machine Dependencies

Z8000 Dependent Features
========================

   The Z8000 as supports both members of the Z8000 family: the
unsegmented Z8002, with 16 bit addresses, and the segmented Z8001 with
24 bit addresses.

   When the assembler is in unsegmented mode (specified with the
`unsegm' directive), an address takes up one word (16 bit) sized
register.  When the assembler is in segmented mode (specified with the
`segm' directive), a 24-bit address takes up a long (32 bit) register.
*Note Assembler Directives for the Z8000: Z8000 Directives, for a list
of other Z8000 specific assembler directives.

* Menu:

* Z8000 Options::               No special command-line options for Z8000
* Z8000 Syntax::                Assembler syntax for the Z8000
* Z8000 Directives::            Special directives for the Z8000
* Z8000 Opcodes::               Opcodes


File: as.info,  Node: Z8000 Options,  Next: Z8000 Syntax,  Up: Z8000-Dependent

Options
-------

   `as' has no additional command-line options for the Zilog Z8000
family.


File: as.info,  Node: Z8000 Syntax,  Next: Z8000 Directives,  Prev: Z8000 Options,  Up: Z8000-Dependent

Syntax
------

* Menu:

* Z8000-Chars::                Special Characters
* Z8000-Regs::                 Register Names
* Z8000-Addressing::           Addressing Modes


File: as.info,  Node: Z8000-Chars,  Next: Z8000-Regs,  Up: Z8000 Syntax

Special Characters
..................

   `!' is the line comment character.

   You can use `;' instead of a newline to separate statements.


File: as.info,  Node: Z8000-Regs,  Next: Z8000-Addressing,  Prev: Z8000-Chars,  Up: Z8000 Syntax

Register Names
..............

   The Z8000 has sixteen 16 bit registers, numbered 0 to 15.  You can
refer to different sized groups of registers by register number, with
the prefix `r' for 16 bit registers, `rr' for 32 bit registers and `rq'
for 64 bit registers.  You can also refer to the contents of the first
eight (of the sixteen 16 bit registers) by bytes.  They are named `rNh'
and `rNl'.

*byte registers*
     r0l r0h r1h r1l r2h r2l r3h r3l
     r4h r4l r5h r5l r6h r6l r7h r7l
*word registers*
     r0 r1 r2 r3 r4 r5 r6 r7 r8 r9 r10 r11 r12 r13 r14 r15
*long word registers*
     rr0 rr2 rr4 rr6 rr8 rr10 rr12 rr14
*quad word registers*
     rq0 rq4 rq8 rq12


File: as.info,  Node: Z8000-Addressing,  Prev: Z8000-Regs,  Up: Z8000 Syntax

Addressing Modes
................

   as understands the following addressing modes for the Z8000:

`rN'
     Register direct

`@rN'
     Indirect register

`ADDR'
     Direct: the 16 bit or 24 bit address (depending on whether the
     assembler is in segmented or unsegmented mode) of the operand is
     in the instruction.

`address(rN)'
     Indexed: the 16 or 24 bit address is added to the 16 bit register
     to produce the final address in memory of the operand.

`rN(#IMM)'
     Base Address: the 16 or 24 bit register is added to the 16 bit sign
     extended immediate displacement to produce the final address in
     memory of the operand.

`rN(rM)'
     Base Index: the 16 or 24 bit register rN is added to the sign
     extended 16 bit index register rM to produce the final address in
     memory of the operand.

`#XX'
     Immediate data XX.


File: as.info,  Node: Z8000 Directives,  Next: Z8000 Opcodes,  Prev: Z8000 Syntax,  Up: Z8000-Dependent

Assembler Directives for the Z8000
----------------------------------

   The Z8000 port of as includes these additional assembler directives,
for compatibility with other Z8000 assemblers.  As shown, these do not
begin with `.' (unlike the ordinary as directives).

`segm'
     Generates code for the segmented Z8001.

`unsegm'
     Generates code for the unsegmented Z8002.

`name'
     Synonym for `.file'

`global'
     Synonym for `.global'

`wval'
     Synonym for `.word'

`lval'
     Synonym for `.long'

`bval'
     Synonym for `.byte'

`sval'
     Assemble a string.  `sval' expects one string literal, delimited by
     single quotes.  It assembles each byte of the string into
     consecutive addresses.  You can use the escape sequence `%XX'
     (where XX represents a two-digit hexadecimal number) to represent
     the character whose ASCII value is XX.  Use this feature to
     describe single quote and other characters that may not appear in
     string literals as themselves.  For example, the C statement
     `char *a = "he said \"it's 50% off\"";' is represented in Z8000
     assembly language (shown with the assembler output in hex at the
     left) as

          68652073    sval    'he said %22it%27s 50%25 off%22%00'
          61696420
          22697427
          73203530
          25206F66
          662200

`rsect'
     synonym for `.section'

`block'
     synonym for `.space'

`even'
     special case of `.align'; aligns output to even byte boundary.


File: as.info,  Node: Z8000 Opcodes,  Prev: Z8000 Directives,  Up: Z8000-Dependent

Opcodes
-------

   For detailed information on the Z8000 machine instruction set, see
`Z8000 Technical Manual'.

   The following table summarizes the opcodes and their arguments:

                 rs   16 bit source register
                 rd   16 bit destination register
                 rbs   8 bit source register
                 rbd   8 bit destination register
                 rrs   32 bit source register
                 rrd   32 bit destination register
                 rqs   64 bit source register
                 rqd   64 bit destination register
                 addr 16/24 bit address
                 imm  immediate data
     
     adc rd,rs               clrb addr               cpsir @rd,@rs,rr,cc
     adcb rbd,rbs            clrb addr(rd)           cpsirb @rd,@rs,rr,cc
     add rd,@rs              clrb rbd                dab rbd
     add rd,addr             com @rd                 dbjnz rbd,disp7
     add rd,addr(rs)         com addr                dec @rd,imm4m1
     add rd,imm16            com addr(rd)            dec addr(rd),imm4m1
     add rd,rs               com rd                  dec addr,imm4m1
     addb rbd,@rs            comb @rd                dec rd,imm4m1
     addb rbd,addr           comb addr               decb @rd,imm4m1
     addb rbd,addr(rs)       comb addr(rd)           decb addr(rd),imm4m1
     addb rbd,imm8           comb rbd                decb addr,imm4m1
     addb rbd,rbs            comflg flags            decb rbd,imm4m1
     addl rrd,@rs            cp @rd,imm16            di i2
     addl rrd,addr           cp addr(rd),imm16       div rrd,@rs
     addl rrd,addr(rs)       cp addr,imm16           div rrd,addr
     addl rrd,imm32          cp rd,@rs               div rrd,addr(rs)
     addl rrd,rrs            cp rd,addr              div rrd,imm16
     and rd,@rs              cp rd,addr(rs)          div rrd,rs
     and rd,addr             cp rd,imm16             divl rqd,@rs
     and rd,addr(rs)         cp rd,rs                divl rqd,addr
     and rd,imm16            cpb @rd,imm8            divl rqd,addr(rs)
     and rd,rs               cpb addr(rd),imm8       divl rqd,imm32
     andb rbd,@rs            cpb addr,imm8           divl rqd,rrs
     andb rbd,addr           cpb rbd,@rs             djnz rd,disp7
     andb rbd,addr(rs)       cpb rbd,addr            ei i2
     andb rbd,imm8           cpb rbd,addr(rs)        ex rd,@rs
     andb rbd,rbs            cpb rbd,imm8            ex rd,addr
     bit @rd,imm4            cpb rbd,rbs             ex rd,addr(rs)
     bit addr(rd),imm4       cpd rd,@rs,rr,cc        ex rd,rs
     bit addr,imm4           cpdb rbd,@rs,rr,cc      exb rbd,@rs
     bit rd,imm4             cpdr rd,@rs,rr,cc       exb rbd,addr
     bit rd,rs               cpdrb rbd,@rs,rr,cc     exb rbd,addr(rs)
     bitb @rd,imm4           cpi rd,@rs,rr,cc        exb rbd,rbs
     bitb addr(rd),imm4      cpib rbd,@rs,rr,cc      ext0e imm8
     bitb addr,imm4          cpir rd,@rs,rr,cc       ext0f imm8
     bitb rbd,imm4           cpirb rbd,@rs,rr,cc     ext8e imm8
     bitb rbd,rs             cpl rrd,@rs             ext8f imm8
     bpt                     cpl rrd,addr            exts rrd
     call @rd                cpl rrd,addr(rs)        extsb rd
     call addr               cpl rrd,imm32           extsl rqd
     call addr(rd)           cpl rrd,rrs             halt
     calr disp12             cpsd @rd,@rs,rr,cc      in rd,@rs
     clr @rd                 cpsdb @rd,@rs,rr,cc     in rd,imm16
     clr addr                cpsdr @rd,@rs,rr,cc     inb rbd,@rs
     clr addr(rd)            cpsdrb @rd,@rs,rr,cc    inb rbd,imm16
     clr rd                  cpsi @rd,@rs,rr,cc      inc @rd,imm4m1
     clrb @rd                cpsib @rd,@rs,rr,cc     inc addr(rd),imm4m1
     inc addr,imm4m1         ldb rbd,rs(rx)          mult rrd,addr(rs)
     inc rd,imm4m1           ldb rd(imm16),rbs       mult rrd,imm16
     incb @rd,imm4m1         ldb rd(rx),rbs          mult rrd,rs
     incb addr(rd),imm4m1    ldctl ctrl,rs           multl rqd,@rs
     incb addr,imm4m1        ldctl rd,ctrl           multl rqd,addr
     incb rbd,imm4m1         ldd @rs,@rd,rr          multl rqd,addr(rs)
     ind @rd,@rs,ra          lddb @rs,@rd,rr         multl rqd,imm32
     indb @rd,@rs,rba        lddr @rs,@rd,rr         multl rqd,rrs
     inib @rd,@rs,ra         lddrb @rs,@rd,rr        neg @rd
     inibr @rd,@rs,ra        ldi @rd,@rs,rr          neg addr
     iret                    ldib @rd,@rs,rr         neg addr(rd)
     jp cc,@rd               ldir @rd,@rs,rr         neg rd
     jp cc,addr              ldirb @rd,@rs,rr        negb @rd
     jp cc,addr(rd)          ldk rd,imm4             negb addr
     jr cc,disp8             ldl @rd,rrs             negb addr(rd)
     ld @rd,imm16            ldl addr(rd),rrs        negb rbd
     ld @rd,rs               ldl addr,rrs            nop
     ld addr(rd),imm16       ldl rd(imm16),rrs       or rd,@rs
     ld addr(rd),rs          ldl rd(rx),rrs          or rd,addr
     ld addr,imm16           ldl rrd,@rs             or rd,addr(rs)
     ld addr,rs              ldl rrd,addr            or rd,imm16
     ld rd(imm16),rs         ldl rrd,addr(rs)        or rd,rs
     ld rd(rx),rs            ldl rrd,imm32           orb rbd,@rs
     ld rd,@rs               ldl rrd,rrs             orb rbd,addr
     ld rd,addr              ldl rrd,rs(imm16)       orb rbd,addr(rs)
     ld rd,addr(rs)          ldl rrd,rs(rx)          orb rbd,imm8
     ld rd,imm16             ldm @rd,rs,n            orb rbd,rbs
     ld rd,rs                ldm addr(rd),rs,n       out @rd,rs
     ld rd,rs(imm16)         ldm addr,rs,n           out imm16,rs
     ld rd,rs(rx)            ldm rd,@rs,n            outb @rd,rbs
     lda rd,addr             ldm rd,addr(rs),n       outb imm16,rbs
     lda rd,addr(rs)         ldm rd,addr,n           outd @rd,@rs,ra
     lda rd,rs(imm16)        ldps @rs                outdb @rd,@rs,rba
     lda rd,rs(rx)           ldps addr               outib @rd,@rs,ra
     ldar rd,disp16          ldps addr(rs)           outibr @rd,@rs,ra
     ldb @rd,imm8            ldr disp16,rs           pop @rd,@rs
     ldb @rd,rbs             ldr rd,disp16           pop addr(rd),@rs
     ldb addr(rd),imm8       ldrb disp16,rbs         pop addr,@rs
     ldb addr(rd),rbs        ldrb rbd,disp16         pop rd,@rs
     ldb addr,imm8           ldrl disp16,rrs         popl @rd,@rs
     ldb addr,rbs            ldrl rrd,disp16         popl addr(rd),@rs
     ldb rbd,@rs             mbit                    popl addr,@rs
     ldb rbd,addr            mreq rd                 popl rrd,@rs
     ldb rbd,addr(rs)        mres                    push @rd,@rs
     ldb rbd,imm8            mset                    push @rd,addr
     ldb rbd,rbs             mult rrd,@rs            push @rd,addr(rs)
     ldb rbd,rs(imm16)       mult rrd,addr           push @rd,imm16
     push @rd,rs             set addr,imm4           subl rrd,imm32
     pushl @rd,@rs           set rd,imm4             subl rrd,rrs
     pushl @rd,addr          set rd,rs               tcc cc,rd
     pushl @rd,addr(rs)      setb @rd,imm4           tccb cc,rbd
     pushl @rd,rrs           setb addr(rd),imm4      test @rd
     res @rd,imm4            setb addr,imm4          test addr
     res addr(rd),imm4       setb rbd,imm4           test addr(rd)
     res addr,imm4           setb rbd,rs             test rd
     res rd,imm4             setflg imm4             testb @rd
     res rd,rs               sinb rbd,imm16          testb addr
     resb @rd,imm4           sinb rd,imm16           testb addr(rd)
     resb addr(rd),imm4      sind @rd,@rs,ra         testb rbd
     resb addr,imm4          sindb @rd,@rs,rba       testl @rd
     resb rbd,imm4           sinib @rd,@rs,ra        testl addr
     resb rbd,rs             sinibr @rd,@rs,ra       testl addr(rd)
     resflg imm4             sla rd,imm8             testl rrd
     ret cc                  slab rbd,imm8           trdb @rd,@rs,rba
     rl rd,imm1or2           slal rrd,imm8           trdrb @rd,@rs,rba
     rlb rbd,imm1or2         sll rd,imm8             trib @rd,@rs,rbr
     rlc rd,imm1or2          sllb rbd,imm8           trirb @rd,@rs,rbr
     rlcb rbd,imm1or2        slll rrd,imm8           trtdrb @ra,@rb,rbr
     rldb rbb,rba            sout imm16,rs           trtib @ra,@rb,rr
     rr rd,imm1or2           soutb imm16,rbs         trtirb @ra,@rb,rbr
     rrb rbd,imm1or2         soutd @rd,@rs,ra        trtrb @ra,@rb,rbr
     rrc rd,imm1or2          soutdb @rd,@rs,rba      tset @rd
     rrcb rbd,imm1or2        soutib @rd,@rs,ra       tset addr
     rrdb rbb,rba            soutibr @rd,@rs,ra      tset addr(rd)
     rsvd36                  sra rd,imm8             tset rd
     rsvd38                  srab rbd,imm8           tsetb @rd
     rsvd78                  sral rrd,imm8           tsetb addr
     rsvd7e                  srl rd,imm8             tsetb addr(rd)
     rsvd9d                  srlb rbd,imm8           tsetb rbd
     rsvd9f                  srll rrd,imm8           xor rd,@rs
     rsvdb9                  sub rd,@rs              xor rd,addr
     rsvdbf                  sub rd,addr             xor rd,addr(rs)
     sbc rd,rs               sub rd,addr(rs)         xor rd,imm16
     sbcb rbd,rbs            sub rd,imm16            xor rd,rs
     sc imm8                 sub rd,rs               xorb rbd,@rs
     sda rd,rs               subb rbd,@rs            xorb rbd,addr
     sdab rbd,rs             subb rbd,addr           xorb rbd,addr(rs)
     sdal rrd,rs             subb rbd,addr(rs)       xorb rbd,imm8
     sdl rd,rs               subb rbd,imm8           xorb rbd,rbs
     sdlb rbd,rs             subb rbd,rbs            xorb rbd,rbs
     sdll rrd,rs             subl rrd,@rs
     set @rd,imm4            subl rrd,addr
     set addr(rd),imm4       subl rrd,addr(rs)


File: as.info,  Node: Vax-Dependent,  Prev: Z8000-Dependent,  Up: Machine Dependencies

VAX Dependent Features
======================

* Menu:

* VAX-Opts::                    VAX Command-Line Options
* VAX-float::                   VAX Floating Point
* VAX-directives::              Vax Machine Directives
* VAX-opcodes::                 VAX Opcodes
* VAX-branch::                  VAX Branch Improvement
* VAX-operands::                VAX Operands
* VAX-no::                      Not Supported on VAX


File: as.info,  Node: VAX-Opts,  Next: VAX-float,  Up: Vax-Dependent

VAX Command-Line Options
------------------------

   The Vax version of `as' accepts any of the following options, gives
a warning message that the option was ignored and proceeds.  These
options are for compatibility with scripts designed for other people's
assemblers.

``-D' (Debug)'
``-S' (Symbol Table)'
``-T' (Token Trace)'
     These are obsolete options used to debug old assemblers.

``-d' (Displacement size for JUMPs)'
     This option expects a number following the `-d'.  Like options
     that expect filenames, the number may immediately follow the `-d'
     (old standard) or constitute the whole of the command line
     argument that follows `-d' (GNU standard).

``-V' (Virtualize Interpass Temporary File)'
     Some other assemblers use a temporary file.  This option commanded
     them to keep the information in active memory rather than in a
     disk file.  `as' always does this, so this option is redundant.

``-J' (JUMPify Longer Branches)'
     Many 32-bit computers permit a variety of branch instructions to
     do the same job.  Some of these instructions are short (and fast)
     but have a limited range; others are long (and slow) but can
     branch anywhere in virtual memory.  Often there are 3 flavors of
     branch: short, medium and long.  Some other assemblers would emit
     short and medium branches, unless told by this option to emit
     short and long branches.

``-t' (Temporary File Directory)'
     Some other assemblers may use a temporary file, and this option
     takes a filename being the directory to site the temporary file.
     Since `as' does not use a temporary disk file, this option makes
     no difference.  `-t' needs exactly one filename.

   The Vax version of the assembler accepts two options when compiled
for VMS.  They are `-h', and `-+'.  The `-h' option prevents `as' from
modifying the symbol-table entries for symbols that contain lowercase
characters (I think).  The `-+' option causes `as' to print warning
messages if the FILENAME part of the object file, or any symbol name is
larger than 31 characters.  The `-+' option also inserts some code
following the `_main' symbol so that the object file is compatible with
Vax-11 "C".


File: as.info,  Node: VAX-float,  Next: VAX-directives,  Prev: VAX-Opts,  Up: Vax-Dependent

VAX Floating Point
------------------

   Conversion of flonums to floating point is correct, and compatible
with previous assemblers.  Rounding is towards zero if the remainder is
exactly half the least significant bit.

   `D', `F', `G' and `H' floating point formats are understood.

   Immediate floating literals (*e.g.* `S`$6.9') are rendered
correctly.  Again, rounding is towards zero in the boundary case.

   The `.float' directive produces `f' format numbers.  The `.double'
directive produces `d' format numbers.


File: as.info,  Node: VAX-directives,  Next: VAX-opcodes,  Prev: VAX-float,  Up: Vax-Dependent

Vax Machine Directives
----------------------

   The Vax version of the assembler supports four directives for
generating Vax floating point constants.  They are described in the
table below.

`.dfloat'
     This expects zero or more flonums, separated by commas, and
     assembles Vax `d' format 64-bit floating point constants.

`.ffloat'
     This expects zero or more flonums, separated by commas, and
     assembles Vax `f' format 32-bit floating point constants.

`.gfloat'
     This expects zero or more flonums, separated by commas, and
     assembles Vax `g' format 64-bit floating point constants.

`.hfloat'
     This expects zero or more flonums, separated by commas, and
     assembles Vax `h' format 128-bit floating point constants.


File: as.info,  Node: VAX-opcodes,  Next: VAX-branch,  Prev: VAX-directives,  Up: Vax-Dependent

VAX Opcodes
-----------

   All DEC mnemonics are supported.  Beware that `case...' instructions
have exactly 3 operands.  The dispatch table that follows the `case...'
instruction should be made with `.word' statements.  This is compatible
with all unix assemblers we know of.


File: as.info,  Node: VAX-branch,  Next: VAX-operands,  Prev: VAX-opcodes,  Up: Vax-Dependent

VAX Branch Improvement
----------------------

   Certain pseudo opcodes are permitted.  They are for branch
instructions.  They expand to the shortest branch instruction that
reaches the target.  Generally these mnemonics are made by substituting
`j' for `b' at the start of a DEC mnemonic.  This feature is included
both for compatibility and to help compilers.  If you do not need this
feature, avoid these opcodes.  Here are the mnemonics, and the code
they can expand into.

`jbsb'
     `Jsb' is already an instruction mnemonic, so we chose `jbsb'.
    (byte displacement)
          `bsbb ...'

    (word displacement)
          `bsbw ...'

    (long displacement)
          `jsb ...'

`jbr'
`jr'
     Unconditional branch.
    (byte displacement)
          `brb ...'

    (word displacement)
          `brw ...'

    (long displacement)
          `jmp ...'

`jCOND'
     COND may be any one of the conditional branches `neq', `nequ',
     `eql', `eqlu', `gtr', `geq', `lss', `gtru', `lequ', `vc', `vs',
     `gequ', `cc', `lssu', `cs'.  COND may also be one of the bit tests
     `bs', `bc', `bss', `bcs', `bsc', `bcc', `bssi', `bcci', `lbs',
     `lbc'.  NOTCOND is the opposite condition to COND.
    (byte displacement)
          `bCOND ...'

    (word displacement)
          `bNOTCOND foo ; brw ... ; foo:'

    (long displacement)
          `bNOTCOND foo ; jmp ... ; foo:'

`jacbX'
     X may be one of `b d f g h l w'.
    (word displacement)
          `OPCODE ...'

    (long displacement)
               OPCODE ..., foo ;
               brb bar ;
               foo: jmp ... ;
               bar:

`jaobYYY'
     YYY may be one of `lss leq'.

`jsobZZZ'
     ZZZ may be one of `geq gtr'.
    (byte displacement)
          `OPCODE ...'

    (word displacement)
               OPCODE ..., foo ;
               brb bar ;
               foo: brw DESTINATION ;
               bar:

    (long displacement)
               OPCODE ..., foo ;
               brb bar ;
               foo: jmp DESTINATION ;
               bar:

`aobleq'
`aoblss'
`sobgeq'
`sobgtr'
    (byte displacement)
          `OPCODE ...'

    (word displacement)
               OPCODE ..., foo ;
               brb bar ;
               foo: brw DESTINATION ;
               bar:

    (long displacement)
               OPCODE ..., foo ;
               brb bar ;
               foo: jmp DESTINATION ;
               bar:


File: as.info,  Node: VAX-operands,  Next: VAX-no,  Prev: VAX-branch,  Up: Vax-Dependent

VAX Operands
------------

   The immediate character is `$' for Unix compatibility, not `#' as
DEC writes it.

   The indirect character is `*' for Unix compatibility, not `@' as DEC
writes it.

   The displacement sizing character is ``' (an accent grave) for Unix
compatibility, not `^' as DEC writes it.  The letter preceding ``' may
have either case.  `G' is not understood, but all other letters (`b i l
s w') are understood.

   Register names understood are `r0 r1 r2 ... r15 ap fp sp pc'.  Upper
and lower case letters are equivalent.

   For instance
     tstb *w`$4(r5)

   Any expression is permitted in an operand.  Operands are comma
separated.


File: as.info,  Node: VAX-no,  Prev: VAX-operands,  Up: Vax-Dependent

Not Supported on VAX
--------------------

   Vax bit fields can not be assembled with `as'.  Someone can add the
required code if they really need it.


File: as.info,  Node: Reporting Bugs,  Next: Acknowledgements,  Prev: Machine Dependencies,  Up: Top

Reporting Bugs
**************

   Your bug reports play an essential role in making `as' reliable.

   Reporting a bug may help you by bringing a solution to your problem,
or it may not.  But in any case the principal function of a bug report
is to help the entire community by making the next version of `as' work
better.  Bug reports are your contribution to the maintenance of `as'.

   In order for a bug report to serve its purpose, you must include the
information that enables us to fix the bug.

* Menu:

* Bug Criteria::                Have you found a bug?
* Bug Reporting::               How to report bugs


File: as.info,  Node: Bug Criteria,  Next: Bug Reporting,  Up: Reporting Bugs

Have you found a bug?
=====================

   If you are not sure whether you have found a bug, here are some
guidelines:

   * If the assembler gets a fatal signal, for any input whatever, that
     is a `as' bug.  Reliable assemblers never crash.

   * If `as' produces an error message for valid input, that is a bug.

   * If `as' does not produce an error message for invalid input, that
     is a bug.  However, you should note that your idea of "invalid
     input" might be our idea of "an extension" or "support for
     traditional practice".

   * If you are an experienced user of assemblers, your suggestions for
     improvement of `as' are welcome in any case.


File: as.info,  Node: Bug Reporting,  Prev: Bug Criteria,  Up: Reporting Bugs

How to report bugs
==================

   A number of companies and individuals offer support for GNU
products.  If you obtained `as' from a support organization, we
recommend you contact that organization first.

   You can find contact information for many support companies and
individuals in the file `etc/SERVICE' in the GNU Emacs distribution.

   In any event, we also recommend that you send bug reports for `as'
to `bug-gnu-utils@prep.ai.mit.edu'.

   The fundamental principle of reporting bugs usefully is this:
*report all the facts*.  If you are not sure whether to state a fact or
leave it out, state it!

   Often people omit facts because they think they know what causes the
problem and assume that some details do not matter.  Thus, you might
assume that the name of a symbol you use in an example does not matter.
Well, probably it does not, but one cannot be sure.  Perhaps the bug
is a stray memory reference which happens to fetch from the location
where that name is stored in memory; perhaps, if the name were
different, the contents of that location would fool the assembler into
doing the right thing despite the bug.  Play it safe and give a
specific, complete example.  That is the easiest thing for you to do,
and the most helpful.

   Keep in mind that the purpose of a bug report is to enable us to fix
the bug if it is new to us.  Therefore, always write your bug reports
on the assumption that the bug has not been reported previously.

   Sometimes people give a few sketchy facts and ask, "Does this ring a
bell?"  Those bug reports are useless, and we urge everyone to *refuse
to respond to them* except to chide the sender to report bugs properly.

   To enable us to fix the bug, you should include all these things:

   * The version of `as'.  `as' announces it if you start it with the
     `--version' argument.

     Without this, we will not know whether there is any point in
     looking for the bug in the current version of `as'.

   * Any patches you may have applied to the `as' source.

   * The type of machine you are using, and the operating system name
     and version number.

   * What compiler (and its version) was used to compile `as'--e.g.
     "`gcc-2.7'".

   * The command arguments you gave the assembler to assemble your
     example and observe the bug.  To guarantee you will not omit
     something important, list them all.  A copy of the Makefile (or
     the output from make) is sufficient.

     If we were to try to guess the arguments, we would probably guess
     wrong and then we might not encounter the bug.

   * A complete input file that will reproduce the bug.  If the bug is
     observed when the assembler is invoked via a compiler, send the
     assembler source, not the high level language source.  Most
     compilers will produce the assembler source when run with the `-S'
     option.  If you are using `gcc', use the options `-v
     --save-temps'; this will save the assembler source in a file with
     an extension of `.s', and also show you exactly how `as' is being
     run.

   * A description of what behavior you observe that you believe is
     incorrect.  For example, "It gets a fatal signal."

     Of course, if the bug is that `as' gets a fatal signal, then we
     will certainly notice it.  But if the bug is incorrect output, we
     might not notice unless it is glaringly wrong.  You might as well
     not give us a chance to make a mistake.

     Even if the problem you experience is a fatal signal, you should
     still say so explicitly.  Suppose something strange is going on,
     such as, your copy of `as' is out of synch, or you have
     encountered a bug in the C library on your system.  (This has
     happened!)  Your copy might crash and ours would not.  If you told
     us to expect a crash, then when ours fails to crash, we would know
     that the bug was not happening for us.  If you had not told us to
     expect a crash, then we would not be able to draw any conclusion
     from our observations.

   * If you wish to suggest changes to the `as' source, send us context
     diffs, as generated by `diff' with the `-u', `-c', or `-p' option.
     Always send diffs from the old file to the new file.  If you even
     discuss something in the `as' source, refer to it by context, not
     by line number.

     The line numbers in our development sources will not match those
     in your sources.  Your line numbers would convey no useful
     information to us.

   Here are some things that are not necessary:

   * A description of the envelope of the bug.

     Often people who encounter a bug spend a lot of time investigating
     which changes to the input file will make the bug go away and which
     changes will not affect it.

     This is often time consuming and not very useful, because the way
     we will find the bug is by running a single example under the
     debugger with breakpoints, not by pure deduction from a series of
     examples.  We recommend that you save your time for something else.

     Of course, if you can find a simpler example to report *instead*
     of the original one, that is a convenience for us.  Errors in the
     output will be easier to spot, running under the debugger will take
     less time, and so on.

     However, simplification is not vital; if you do not want to do
     this, report the bug anyway and send us the entire test case you
     used.

   * A patch for the bug.

     A patch for the bug does help us if it is a good one.  But do not
     omit the necessary information, such as the test case, on the
     assumption that a patch is all we need.  We might see problems
     with your patch and decide to fix the problem another way, or we
     might not understand it at all.

     Sometimes with a program as complicated as `as' it is very hard to
     construct an example that will make the program follow a certain
     path through the code.  If you do not send us the example, we will
     not be able to construct one, so we will not be able to verify
     that the bug is fixed.

     And if we cannot understand what bug you are trying to fix, or why
     your patch should be an improvement, we will not install it.  A
     test case will help us to understand.

   * A guess about what the bug is or what it depends on.

     Such guesses are usually wrong.  Even we cannot guess right about
     such things without first using the debugger to find the facts.


File: as.info,  Node: Acknowledgements,  Next: Index,  Prev: Reporting Bugs,  Up: Top

Acknowledgements
****************

   If you have contributed to `as' and your name isn't listed here, it
is not meant as a slight.  We just don't know about it.  Send mail to
the maintainer, and we'll correct the situation.  Currently the
maintainer is Ken Raeburn (email address `raeburn@cygnus.com').

   Dean Elsner wrote the original GNU assembler for the VAX.(1)

   Jay Fenlason maintained GAS for a while, adding support for
GDB-specific debug information and the 68k series machines, most of the
preprocessing pass, and extensive changes in `messages.c',
`input-file.c', `write.c'.

   K. Richard Pixley maintained GAS for a while, adding various
enhancements and many bug fixes, including merging support for several
processors, breaking GAS up to handle multiple object file format back
ends (including heavy rewrite, testing, an integration of the coff and
b.out back ends), adding configuration including heavy testing and
verification of cross assemblers and file splits and renaming,
converted GAS to strictly ANSI C including full prototypes, added
support for m680[34]0 and cpu32, did considerable work on i960
including a COFF port (including considerable amounts of reverse
engineering), a SPARC opcode file rewrite, DECstation, rs6000, and
hp300hpux host ports, updated "know" assertions and made them work,
much other reorganization, cleanup, and lint.

   Ken Raeburn wrote the high-level BFD interface code to replace most
of the code in format-specific I/O modules.

   The original VMS support was contributed by David L. Kashtan.  Eric
Youngdale has done much work with it since.

   The Intel 80386 machine description was written by Eliot Dresselhaus.

   Minh Tran-Le at IntelliCorp contributed some AIX 386 support.

   The Motorola 88k machine description was contributed by Devon Bowen
of Buffalo University and Torbjorn Granlund of the Swedish Institute of
Computer Science.

   Keith Knowles at the Open Software Foundation wrote the original
MIPS back end (`tc-mips.c', `tc-mips.h'), and contributed Rose format
support (which hasn't been merged in yet).  Ralph Campbell worked with
the MIPS code to support a.out format.

   Support for the Zilog Z8k and Hitachi H8/300 and H8/500 processors
(tc-z8k, tc-h8300, tc-h8500), and IEEE 695 object file format
(obj-ieee), was written by Steve Chamberlain of Cygnus Support.  Steve
also modified the COFF back end to use BFD for some low-level
operations, for use with the H8/300 and AMD 29k targets.

   John Gilmore built the AMD 29000 support, added `.include' support,
and simplified the configuration of which versions accept which
directives.  He updated the 68k machine description so that Motorola's
opcodes always produced fixed-size instructions (e.g. `jsr'), while
synthetic instructions remained shrinkable (`jbsr').  John fixed many
bugs, including true tested cross-compilation support, and one bug in
relaxation that took a week and required the proverbial one-bit fix.

   Ian Lance Taylor of Cygnus Support merged the Motorola and MIT
syntax for the 68k, completed support for some COFF targets (68k, i386
SVR3, and SCO Unix), added support for MIPS ECOFF and ELF targets,
wrote the initial RS/6000 and PowerPC assembler, and made a few other
minor patches.

   Steve Chamberlain made `as' able to generate listings.

   Hewlett-Packard contributed support for the HP9000/300.

   Jeff Law wrote GAS and BFD support for the native HPPA object format
(SOM) along with a fairly extensive HPPA testsuite (for both SOM and
ELF object formats).  This work was supported by both the Center for
Software Science at the University of Utah and Cygnus Support.

   Support for ELF format files has been worked on by Mark Eichin of
Cygnus Support (original, incomplete implementation for SPARC), Pete
Hoogenboom and Jeff Law at the University of Utah (HPPA mainly),
Michael Meissner of the Open Software Foundation (i386 mainly), and Ken
Raeburn of Cygnus Support (sparc, and some initial 64-bit support).

   Richard Henderson rewrote the Alpha assembler.

   Several engineers at Cygnus Support have also provided many small
bug fixes and configuration enhancements.

   Many others have contributed large or small bugfixes and
enhancements.  If you have contributed significant work and are not
mentioned on this list, and want to be, let us know.  Some of the
history has been lost; we are not intentionally leaving anyone out.

   ---------- Footnotes ----------

   (1)  Any more details?


File: as.info,  Node: Index,  Prev: Acknowledgements,  Up: Top

Index
*****

* Menu:

* #:                                     Comments.
* #APP:                                  Preprocessing.
* #NO_APP:                               Preprocessing.
* $ in symbol names <1>:                 H8/500-Chars.
* $ in symbol names <2>:                 SH-Chars.
* $ in symbol names:                     D10V-Chars.
* -:                                     Command Line.
* -+ option, VAX/VMS:                    VAX-Opts.
* --base-size-default-16:                M68K-Opts.
* --base-size-default-32:                M68K-Opts.
* --bitwise-or option, M680x0:           M68K-Opts.
* --disp-size-default-16:                M68K-Opts.
* --disp-size-default-32:                M68K-Opts.
* --register-prefix-optional option, M680x0: M68K-Opts.
* -a:                                    a.
* -A options, i960:                      Options-i960.
* -ac:                                   a.
* -ad:                                   a.
* -ah:                                   a.
* -al:                                   a.
* -an:                                   a.
* -as:                                   a.
* -Asparclet:                            Sparc-Opts.
* -Asparclite:                           Sparc-Opts.
* -Av6:                                  Sparc-Opts.
* -Av8:                                  Sparc-Opts.
* -Av9:                                  Sparc-Opts.
* -Av9a:                                 Sparc-Opts.
* -b option, i960:                       Options-i960.
* -D:                                    D.
* -D, ignored on VAX:                    VAX-Opts.
* -d, VAX option:                        VAX-Opts.
* -EB option (MIPS):                     MIPS Opts.
* -EL option (MIPS):                     MIPS Opts.
* -enforce-aligned-data:                 Sparc-Aligned-Data.
* -f:                                    f.
* -G option (MIPS):                      MIPS Opts.
* -h option, VAX/VMS:                    VAX-Opts.
* -I PATH:                               I.
* -J, ignored on VAX:                    VAX-Opts.
* -K:                                    K.
* -L:                                    L.
* -l option, M680x0:                     M68K-Opts.
* -M:                                    M.
* -m68000 and related options:           M68K-Opts.
* -no-relax option, i960:                Options-i960.
* -nocpp ignored (MIPS):                 MIPS Opts.
* -o:                                    o.
* -R:                                    R.
* -S, ignored on VAX:                    VAX-Opts.
* -statistics:                           statistics.
* -t, ignored on VAX:                    VAX-Opts.
* -T, ignored on VAX:                    VAX-Opts.
* -v:                                    v.
* -V, redundant on VAX:                  VAX-Opts.
* -version:                              v.
* -W:                                    W.
* . (symbol):                            Dot.
* .insn:                                 MIPS insn.
* .o:                                    Object.
* .param on HPPA:                        HPPA Directives.
* .set autoextend:                       MIPS autoextend.
* .set mipsN:                            MIPS ISA.
* .set noautoextend:                     MIPS autoextend.
* 16-bit code, i386:                     i386-16bit.
* 29K support:                           AMD29K-Dependent.
* : (label):                             Statements.
* @word modifier, D10V:                  D10V-Word.
* \" (doublequote character):            Strings.
* \\ (\ character):                      Strings.
* \b (backspace character):              Strings.
* \DDD (octal character code):           Strings.
* \f (formfeed character):               Strings.
* \n (newline character):                Strings.
* \r (carriage return character):        Strings.
* \t (tab):                              Strings.
* \XD... (hex character code):           Strings.
* a.out:                                 Object.
* a.out symbol attributes:               a.out Symbols.
* abort directive:                       Abort.
* ABORT directive:                       ABORT.
* absolute section:                      Ld Sections.
* addition, permitted arguments:         Infix Ops.
* addresses:                             Expressions.
* addresses, format of:                  Secs Background.
* addressing modes, D10V:                D10V-Addressing.
* addressing modes, H8/300:              H8/300-Addressing.
* addressing modes, H8/500:              H8/500-Addressing.
* addressing modes, M680x0:              M68K-Syntax.
* addressing modes, SH:                  SH-Addressing.
* addressing modes, Z8000:               Z8000-Addressing.
* advancing location counter:            Org.
* align directive:                       Align.
* align directive, SPARC:                Sparc-Directives.
* altered difference tables:             Word.
* alternate syntax for the 680x0:        M68K-Moto-Syntax.
* AMD 29K floating point (IEEE):         AMD29K Floating Point.
* AMD 29K identifiers:                   AMD29K-Chars.
* AMD 29K line comment character:        AMD29K-Chars.
* AMD 29K machine directives:            AMD29K Directives.
* AMD 29K macros:                        AMD29K-Macros.
* AMD 29K opcodes:                       AMD29K Opcodes.
* AMD 29K options (none):                AMD29K Options.
* AMD 29K protected registers:           AMD29K-Regs.
* AMD 29K register names:                AMD29K-Regs.
* AMD 29K special purpose registers:     AMD29K-Regs.
* AMD 29K support:                       AMD29K-Dependent.
* app-file directive:                    App-File.
* architecture options, i960:            Options-i960.
* architecture options, M680x0:          M68K-Opts.
* architectures, SPARC:                  Sparc-Opts.
* arguments for addition:                Infix Ops.
* arguments for subtraction:             Infix Ops.
* arguments in expressions:              Arguments.
* arithmetic functions:                  Operators.
* arithmetic operands:                   Arguments.
* as bugs, reporting:                    Bug Reporting.
* as version:                            v.
* ascii directive:                       Ascii.
* asciz directive:                       Asciz.
* assembler crash:                       Bug Criteria.
* assembler internal logic error:        As Sections.
* assembler, and linker:                 Secs Background.
* assembly listings, enabling:           a.
* assigning values to symbols <1>:       Equ.
* assigning values to symbols:           Setting Symbols.
* attributes, symbol:                    Symbol Attributes.
* auxiliary attributes, COFF symbols:    COFF Symbols.
* auxiliary symbol information, COFF:    Dim.
* Av7:                                   Sparc-Opts.
* backslash (\\):                        Strings.
* backspace (\b):                        Strings.
* balign directive:                      Balign.
* balignl directive:                     Balign.
* balignw directive:                     Balign.
* big endian output, MIPS:               Overview.
* big-endian output, MIPS:               MIPS Opts.
* bignums:                               Bignums.
* binary integers:                       Integers.
* bitfields, not supported on VAX:       VAX-no.
* block:                                 Z8000 Directives.
* block directive, AMD 29K:              AMD29K Directives.
* branch improvement, M680x0:            M68K-Branch.
* branch improvement, VAX:               VAX-branch.
* branch recording, i960:                Options-i960.
* branch statistics table, i960:         Options-i960.
* bss directive, i960:                   Directives-i960.
* bss section <1>:                       bss.
* bss section:                           Ld Sections.
* bug criteria:                          Bug Criteria.
* bug reports:                           Bug Reporting.
* bugs in as:                            Reporting Bugs.
* bus lock prefixes, i386:               i386-prefixes.
* bval:                                  Z8000 Directives.
* byte directive:                        Byte.
* call instructions, i386:               i386-Opcodes.
* callj, i960 pseudo-opcode:             callj-i960.
* carriage return (\r):                  Strings.
* character constants:                   Characters.
* character escape codes:                Strings.
* character, single:                     Chars.
* characters used in symbols:            Symbol Intro.
* code16 directive, i386:                i386-16bit.
* code32 directive, i386:                i386-16bit.
* COFF auxiliary symbol information:     Dim.
* COFF structure debugging:              Tag.
* COFF symbol attributes:                COFF Symbols.
* COFF symbol descriptor:                Desc.
* COFF symbol storage class:             Scl.
* COFF symbol type:                      Type.
* COFF symbols, debugging:               Def.
* COFF value attribute:                  Val.
* COMDAT:                                Linkonce.
* comm directive:                        Comm.
* command line conventions:              Command Line.
* command-line options ignored, VAX:     VAX-Opts.
* comments:                              Comments.
* comments, M680x0:                      M68K-Chars.
* comments, removed by preprocessor:     Preprocessing.
* common directive, SPARC:               Sparc-Directives.
* common sections:                       Linkonce.
* common variable storage:               bss.
* compare and jump expansions, i960:     Compare-and-branch-i960.
* compare/branch instructions, i960:     Compare-and-branch-i960.
* conditional assembly:                  If.
* constant, single character:            Chars.
* constants:                             Constants.
* constants, bignum:                     Bignums.
* constants, character:                  Characters.
* constants, converted by preprocessor:  Preprocessing.
* constants, floating point:             Flonums.
* constants, integer:                    Integers.
* constants, number:                     Numbers.
* constants, string:                     Strings.
* continuing statements:                 Statements.
* conversion instructions, i386:         i386-Opcodes.
* coprocessor wait, i386:                i386-prefixes.
* cputype directive, AMD 29K:            AMD29K Directives.
* crash of assembler:                    Bug Criteria.
* current address:                       Dot.
* current address, advancing:            Org.
* D10V @word modifier:                   D10V-Word.
* D10V addressing modes:                 D10V-Addressing.
* D10V floating point:                   D10V-Float.
* D10V line comment character:           D10V-Chars.
* D10V opcode summary:                   D10V-Opcodes.
* D10V optimization:                     Overview.
* D10V options:                          D10V-Opts.
* D10V registers:                        D10V-Regs.
* D10V size modifiers:                   D10V-Size.
* D10V sub-instruction ordering:         D10V-Chars.
* D10V sub-instructions:                 D10V-Subs.
* D10V support:                          D10V-Dependent.
* D10V syntax:                           D10V-Syntax.
* data alignment on SPARC:               Sparc-Aligned-Data.
* data and text sections, joining:       R.
* data directive:                        Data.
* data section:                          Ld Sections.
* data1 directive, M680x0:               M68K-Directives.
* data2 directive, M680x0:               M68K-Directives.
* debuggers, and symbol order:           Symbols.
* debugging COFF symbols:                Def.
* decimal integers:                      Integers.
* def directive:                         Def.
* deprecated directives:                 Deprecated.
* desc directive:                        Desc.
* descriptor, of a.out symbol:           Symbol Desc.
* dfloat directive, VAX:                 VAX-directives.
* difference tables altered:             Word.
* difference tables, warning:            K.
* dim directive:                         Dim.
* directives and instructions:           Statements.
* directives, M680x0:                    M68K-Directives.
* directives, machine independent:       Pseudo Ops.
* directives, Z8000:                     Z8000 Directives.
* displacement sizing character, VAX:    VAX-operands.
* dot (symbol):                          Dot.
* double directive:                      Double.
* double directive, i386:                i386-Float.
* double directive, M680x0:              M68K-Float.
* double directive, VAX:                 VAX-float.
* doublequote (\"):                      Strings.
* ECOFF sections:                        MIPS Object.
* eight-byte integer:                    Quad.
* eject directive:                       Eject.
* else directive:                        Else.
* empty expressions:                     Empty Exprs.
* emulation:                             Overview.
* endef directive:                       Endef.
* endianness, MIPS:                      Overview.
* endif directive:                       Endif.
* endm directive:                        Macro.
* EOF, newline must precede:             Statements.
* equ directive:                         Equ.
* error messsages:                       Errors.
* error on valid input:                  Bug Criteria.
* errors, continuing after:              Z.
* escape codes, character:               Strings.
* even:                                  Z8000 Directives.
* even directive, M680x0:                M68K-Directives.
* exitm directive:                       Macro.
* expr (internal section):               As Sections.
* expression arguments:                  Arguments.
* expressions:                           Expressions.
* expressions, empty:                    Empty Exprs.
* expressions, integer:                  Integer Exprs.
* extend directive M680x0:               M68K-Float.
* extended directive, i960:              Directives-i960.
* extern directive:                      Extern.
* faster processing (-f):                f.
* fatal signal:                          Bug Criteria.
* ffloat directive, VAX:                 VAX-directives.
* file directive:                        File.
* file directive, AMD 29K:               AMD29K Directives.
* file name, logical <1>:                App-File.
* file name, logical:                    File.
* files, including:                      Include.
* files, input:                          Input Files.
* fill directive:                        Fill.
* filling memory <1>:                    Space.
* filling memory:                        Skip.
* float directive:                       Float.
* float directive, i386:                 i386-Float.
* float directive, M680x0:               M68K-Float.
* float directive, VAX:                  VAX-float.
* floating point numbers:                Flonums.
* floating point numbers (double):       Double.
* floating point numbers (single) <1>:   Single.
* floating point numbers (single):       Float.
* floating point, AMD 29K (IEEE):        AMD29K Floating Point.
* floating point, D10V:                  D10V-Float.
* floating point, H8/300 (IEEE):         H8/300 Floating Point.
* floating point, H8/500 (IEEE):         H8/500 Floating Point.
* floating point, HPPA (IEEE):           HPPA Floating Point.
* floating point, i386:                  i386-Float.
* floating point, i960 (IEEE):           Floating Point-i960.
* floating point, M680x0:                M68K-Float.
* floating point, SH (IEEE):             SH Floating Point.
* floating point, SPARC (IEEE):          Sparc-Float.
* floating point, VAX:                   VAX-float.
* flonums:                               Flonums.
* format of error messages:              Errors.
* format of warning messages:            Errors.
* formfeed (\f):                         Strings.
* functions, in expressions:             Operators.
* fwait instruction, i386:               i386-Float.
* gbr960, i960 postprocessor:            Options-i960.
* gfloat directive, VAX:                 VAX-directives.
* global:                                Z8000 Directives.
* global directive:                      Global.
* gp register, MIPS:                     MIPS Object.
* grouping data:                         Sub-Sections.
* H8/300 addressing modes:               H8/300-Addressing.
* H8/300 floating point (IEEE):          H8/300 Floating Point.
* H8/300 line comment character:         H8/300-Chars.
* H8/300 line separator:                 H8/300-Chars.
* H8/300 machine directives (none):      H8/300 Directives.
* H8/300 opcode summary:                 H8/300 Opcodes.
* H8/300 options (none):                 H8/300 Options.
* H8/300 registers:                      H8/300-Regs.
* H8/300 size suffixes:                  H8/300 Opcodes.
* H8/300 support:                        H8/300-Dependent.
* H8/300H, assembling for:               H8/300 Directives.
* H8/500 addressing modes:               H8/500-Addressing.
* H8/500 floating point (IEEE):          H8/500 Floating Point.
* H8/500 line comment character:         H8/500-Chars.
* H8/500 line separator:                 H8/500-Chars.
* H8/500 machine directives (none):      H8/500 Directives.
* H8/500 opcode summary:                 H8/500 Opcodes.
* H8/500 options (none):                 H8/500 Options.
* H8/500 registers:                      H8/500-Regs.
* H8/500 support:                        H8/500-Dependent.
* half directive, SPARC:                 Sparc-Directives.
* hex character code (\XD...):           Strings.
* hexadecimal integers:                  Integers.
* hfloat directive, VAX:                 VAX-directives.
* HPPA directives not supported:         HPPA Directives.
* HPPA floating point (IEEE):            HPPA Floating Point.
* HPPA Syntax:                           HPPA Options.
* HPPA-only directives:                  HPPA Directives.
* hword directive:                       hword.
* i386 16-bit code:                      i386-16bit.
* i386 conversion instructions:          i386-Opcodes.
* i386 floating point:                   i386-Float.
* i386 fwait instruction:                i386-Float.
* i386 immediate operands:               i386-Syntax.
* i386 jump optimization:                i386-jumps.
* i386 jump, call, return:               i386-Syntax.
* i386 jump/call operands:               i386-Syntax.
* i386 memory references:                i386-Memory.
* i386 mul, imul instructions:           i386-Notes.
* i386 opcode naming:                    i386-Opcodes.
* i386 opcode prefixes:                  i386-prefixes.
* i386 options (none):                   i386-Options.
* i386 register operands:                i386-Syntax.
* i386 registers:                        i386-Regs.
* i386 sections:                         i386-Syntax.
* i386 size suffixes:                    i386-Syntax.
* i386 source, destination operands:     i386-Syntax.
* i386 support:                          i386-Dependent.
* i386 syntax compatibility:             i386-Syntax.
* i80306 support:                        i386-Dependent.
* i960 architecture options:             Options-i960.
* i960 branch recording:                 Options-i960.
* i960 callj pseudo-opcode:              callj-i960.
* i960 compare and jump expansions:      Compare-and-branch-i960.
* i960 compare/branch instructions:      Compare-and-branch-i960.
* i960 floating point (IEEE):            Floating Point-i960.
* i960 machine directives:               Directives-i960.
* i960 opcodes:                          Opcodes for i960.
* i960 options:                          Options-i960.
* i960 support:                          i960-Dependent.
* ident directive:                       Ident.
* identifiers, AMD 29K:                  AMD29K-Chars.
* if directive:                          If.
* ifdef directive:                       If.
* ifndef directive:                      If.
* ifnotdef directive:                    If.
* immediate character, M680x0:           M68K-Chars.
* immediate character, VAX:              VAX-operands.
* immediate operands, i386:              i386-Syntax.
* imul instruction, i386:                i386-Notes.
* include directive:                     Include.
* include directive search path:         I.
* indirect character, VAX:               VAX-operands.
* infix operators:                       Infix Ops.
* inhibiting interrupts, i386:           i386-prefixes.
* input:                                 Input Files.
* input file linenumbers:                Input Files.
* instruction set, M680x0:               M68K-opcodes.
* instruction summary, D10V:             D10V-Opcodes.
* instruction summary, H8/300:           H8/300 Opcodes.
* instruction summary, H8/500:           H8/500 Opcodes.
* instruction summary, SH:               SH Opcodes.
* instruction summary, Z8000:            Z8000 Opcodes.
* instructions and directives:           Statements.
* int directive:                         Int.
* int directive, H8/300:                 H8/300 Directives.
* int directive, H8/500:                 H8/500 Directives.
* int directive, i386:                   i386-Float.
* int directive, SH:                     SH Directives.
* integer expressions:                   Integer Exprs.
* integer, 16-byte:                      Octa.
* integer, 8-byte:                       Quad.
* integers:                              Integers.
* integers, 16-bit:                      hword.
* integers, 32-bit:                      Int.
* integers, binary:                      Integers.
* integers, decimal:                     Integers.
* integers, hexadecimal:                 Integers.
* integers, octal:                       Integers.
* integers, one byte:                    Byte.
* internal as sections:                  As Sections.
* invalid input:                         Bug Criteria.
* invocation summary:                    Overview.
* irp directive:                         Irp.
* irpc directive:                        Irpc.
* joining text and data sections:        R.
* jump instructions, i386:               i386-Opcodes.
* jump optimization, i386:               i386-jumps.
* jump/call operands, i386:              i386-Syntax.
* label (:):                             Statements.
* labels:                                Labels.
* lcomm directive:                       Lcomm.
* ld:                                    Object.
* ldouble directive M680x0:              M68K-Float.
* leafproc directive, i960:              Directives-i960.
* length of symbols:                     Symbol Intro.
* lflags directive (ignored):            Lflags.
* line comment character:                Comments.
* line comment character, AMD 29K:       AMD29K-Chars.
* line comment character, D10V:          D10V-Chars.
* line comment character, H8/300:        H8/300-Chars.
* line comment character, H8/500:        H8/500-Chars.
* line comment character, M680x0:        M68K-Chars.
* line comment character, SH:            SH-Chars.
* line comment character, Z8000:         Z8000-Chars.
* line directive:                        Line.
* line directive, AMD 29K:               AMD29K Directives.
* line numbers, in input files:          Input Files.
* line numbers, in warnings/errors:      Errors.
* line separator character:              Statements.
* line separator, H8/300:                H8/300-Chars.
* line separator, H8/500:                H8/500-Chars.
* line separator, SH:                    SH-Chars.
* line separator, Z8000:                 Z8000-Chars.
* lines starting with #:                 Comments.
* linker:                                Object.
* linker, and assembler:                 Secs Background.
* linkonce directive:                    Linkonce.
* list directive:                        List.
* listing control, turning off:          Nolist.
* listing control, turning on:           List.
* listing control: new page:             Eject.
* listing control: paper size:           Psize.
* listing control: subtitle:             Sbttl.
* listing control: title line:           Title.
* listings, enabling:                    a.
* little endian output, MIPS:            Overview.
* little-endian output, MIPS:            MIPS Opts.
* ln directive:                          Ln.
* local common symbols:                  Lcomm.
* local labels, retaining in output:     L.
* local symbol names:                    Symbol Names.
* location counter:                      Dot.
* location counter, advancing:           Org.
* logical file name <1>:                 App-File.
* logical file name:                     File.
* logical line number:                   Line.
* logical line numbers:                  Comments.
* long directive:                        Long.
* long directive, i386:                  i386-Float.
* lval:                                  Z8000 Directives.
* M680x0 addressing modes:               M68K-Syntax.
* M680x0 architecture options:           M68K-Opts.
* M680x0 branch improvement:             M68K-Branch.
* M680x0 directives:                     M68K-Directives.
* M680x0 floating point:                 M68K-Float.
* M680x0 immediate character:            M68K-Chars.
* M680x0 line comment character:         M68K-Chars.
* M680x0 opcodes:                        M68K-opcodes.
* M680x0 options:                        M68K-Opts.
* M680x0 pseudo-opcodes:                 M68K-Branch.
* M680x0 size modifiers:                 M68K-Syntax.
* M680x0 support:                        M68K-Dependent.
* M680x0 syntax:                         M68K-Syntax.
* machine dependencies:                  Machine Dependencies.
* machine directives, AMD 29K:           AMD29K Directives.
* machine directives, H8/300 (none):     H8/300 Directives.
* machine directives, H8/500 (none):     H8/500 Directives.
* machine directives, i960:              Directives-i960.
* machine directives, SH (none):         SH Directives.
* machine directives, SPARC:             Sparc-Directives.
* machine directives, VAX:               VAX-directives.
* machine independent directives:        Pseudo Ops.
* machine instructions (not covered):    Manual.
* machine-independent syntax:            Syntax.
* macro directive:                       Macro.
* macros:                                Macro.
* Macros, AMD 29K:                       AMD29K-Macros.
* macros, count executed:                Macro.
* manual, structure and purpose:         Manual.
* memory references, i386:               i386-Memory.
* merging text and data sections:        R.
* messages from as:                      Errors.
* minus, permitted arguments:            Infix Ops.
* MIPS architecture options:             MIPS Opts.
* MIPS big-endian output:                MIPS Opts.
* MIPS debugging directives:             MIPS Stabs.
* MIPS ECOFF sections:                   MIPS Object.
* MIPS endianness:                       Overview.
* MIPS ISA:                              Overview.
* MIPS ISA override:                     MIPS ISA.
* MIPS little-endian output:             MIPS Opts.
* MIPS processor:                        MIPS-Dependent.
* MIT:                                   M68K-Syntax.
* mnemonics for opcodes, VAX:            VAX-opcodes.
* mnemonics, D10V:                       D10V-Opcodes.
* mnemonics, H8/300:                     H8/300 Opcodes.
* mnemonics, H8/500:                     H8/500 Opcodes.
* mnemonics, SH:                         SH Opcodes.
* mnemonics, Z8000:                      Z8000 Opcodes.
* Motorola syntax for the 680x0:         M68K-Moto-Syntax.
* MRI compatibility mode:                M.
* mri directive:                         MRI.
* MRI mode, temporarily:                 MRI.
* mul instruction, i386:                 i386-Notes.
* multi-line statements:                 Statements.
* name:                                  Z8000 Directives.
* named section:                         Section.
* named sections:                        Ld Sections.
* names, symbol:                         Symbol Names.
* naming object file:                    o.
* new page, in listings:                 Eject.
* newline (\n):                          Strings.
* newline, required at file end:         Statements.
* nolist directive:                      Nolist.
* null-terminated strings:               Asciz.
* number constants:                      Numbers.
* number of macros executed:             Macro.
* numbered subsections:                  Sub-Sections.
* numbers, 16-bit:                       hword.
* numeric values:                        Expressions.
* object file:                           Object.
* object file format:                    Object Formats.
* object file name:                      o.
* object file, after errors:             Z.
* obsolescent directives:                Deprecated.
* octa directive:                        Octa.
* octal character code (\DDD):           Strings.
* octal integers:                        Integers.
* opcode mnemonics, VAX:                 VAX-opcodes.
* opcode naming, i386:                   i386-Opcodes.
* opcode prefixes, i386:                 i386-prefixes.
* opcode suffixes, i386:                 i386-Syntax.
* opcode summary, D10V:                  D10V-Opcodes.
* opcode summary, H8/300:                H8/300 Opcodes.
* opcode summary, H8/500:                H8/500 Opcodes.
* opcode summary, SH:                    SH Opcodes.
* opcode summary, Z8000:                 Z8000 Opcodes.
* opcodes for AMD 29K:                   AMD29K Opcodes.
* opcodes, i960:                         Opcodes for i960.
* opcodes, M680x0:                       M68K-opcodes.
* operand delimiters, i386:              i386-Syntax.
* operand notation, VAX:                 VAX-operands.
* operands in expressions:               Arguments.
* operator precedence:                   Infix Ops.
* operators, in expressions:             Operators.
* operators, permitted arguments:        Infix Ops.
* optimization, D10V:                    Overview.
* option summary:                        Overview.
* options for AMD29K (none):             AMD29K Options.
* options for i386 (none):               i386-Options.
* options for SPARC:                     Sparc-Opts.
* options for VAX/VMS:                   VAX-Opts.
* options, all versions of as:           Invoking.
* options, command line:                 Command Line.
* options, D10V:                         D10V-Opts.
* options, H8/300 (none):                H8/300 Options.
* options, H8/500 (none):                H8/500 Options.
* options, i960:                         Options-i960.
* options, M680x0:                       M68K-Opts.
* options, SH (none):                    SH Options.
* options, Z8000:                        Z8000 Options.
* org directive:                         Org.
* other attribute, of a.out symbol:      Symbol Other.
* output file:                           Object.
* p2align directive:                     P2align.
* p2alignl directive:                    P2align.
* p2alignw directive:                    P2align.
* padding the location counter:          Align.
* padding the location counter given a power of two: P2align.
* padding the location counter given number of bytes: Balign.
* page, in listings:                     Eject.
* paper size, for listings:              Psize.
* paths for .include:                    I.
* patterns, writing in memory:           Fill.
* plus, permitted arguments:             Infix Ops.
* precedence of operators:               Infix Ops.
* precision, floating point:             Flonums.
* prefix operators:                      Prefix Ops.
* prefixes, i386:                        i386-prefixes.
* preprocessing:                         Preprocessing.
* preprocessing, turning on and off:     Preprocessing.
* primary attributes, COFF symbols:      COFF Symbols.
* proc directive, SPARC:                 Sparc-Directives.
* protected registers, AMD 29K:          AMD29K-Regs.
* pseudo-opcodes, M680x0:                M68K-Branch.
* pseudo-ops for branch, VAX:            VAX-branch.
* pseudo-ops, machine independent:       Pseudo Ops.
* psize directive:                       Psize.
* purpose of GNU as:                     GNU Assembler.
* quad directive:                        Quad.
* quad directive, i386:                  i386-Float.
* real-mode code, i386:                  i386-16bit.
* register names, AMD 29K:               AMD29K-Regs.
* register names, H8/300:                H8/300-Regs.
* register names, VAX:                   VAX-operands.
* register operands, i386:               i386-Syntax.
* registers, D10V:                       D10V-Regs.
* registers, H8/500:                     H8/500-Regs.
* registers, i386:                       i386-Regs.
* registers, SH:                         SH-Regs.
* registers, Z8000:                      Z8000-Regs.
* relocation:                            Sections.
* relocation example:                    Ld Sections.
* repeat prefixes, i386:                 i386-prefixes.
* reporting bugs in as:                  Reporting Bugs.
* rept directive:                        Rept.
* reserve directive, SPARC:              Sparc-Directives.
* return instructions, i386:             i386-Syntax.
* rsect:                                 Z8000 Directives.
* sbttl directive:                       Sbttl.
* scl directive:                         Scl.
* search path for .include:              I.
* sect directive, AMD 29K:               AMD29K Directives.
* section directive:                     Section.
* section override prefixes, i386:       i386-prefixes.
* section-relative addressing:           Secs Background.
* sections:                              Sections.
* sections in messages, internal:        As Sections.
* sections, i386:                        i386-Syntax.
* sections, named:                       Ld Sections.
* seg directive, SPARC:                  Sparc-Directives.
* segm:                                  Z8000 Directives.
* set directive:                         Set.
* SH addressing modes:                   SH-Addressing.
* SH floating point (IEEE):              SH Floating Point.
* SH line comment character:             SH-Chars.
* SH line separator:                     SH-Chars.
* SH machine directives (none):          SH Directives.
* SH opcode summary:                     SH Opcodes.
* SH options (none):                     SH Options.
* SH registers:                          SH-Regs.
* SH support:                            SH-Dependent.
* short directive:                       Short.
* single character constant:             Chars.
* single directive:                      Single.
* single directive, i386:                i386-Float.
* sixteen bit integers:                  hword.
* sixteen byte integer:                  Octa.
* size directive:                        Size.
* size modifiers, D10V:                  D10V-Size.
* size modifiers, M680x0:                M68K-Syntax.
* size prefixes, i386:                   i386-prefixes.
* size suffixes, H8/300:                 H8/300 Opcodes.
* sizes operands, i386:                  i386-Syntax.
* skip directive:                        Skip.
* skip directive, M680x0:                M68K-Directives.
* skip directive, SPARC:                 Sparc-Directives.
* small objects, MIPS ECOFF:             MIPS Object.
* SOM symbol attributes:                 SOM Symbols.
* source program:                        Input Files.
* source, destination operands; i386:    i386-Syntax.
* space directive:                       Space.
* space used, maximum for assembly:      statistics.
* SPARC architectures:                   Sparc-Opts.
* SPARC data alignment:                  Sparc-Aligned-Data.
* SPARC floating point (IEEE):           Sparc-Float.
* SPARC machine directives:              Sparc-Directives.
* SPARC options:                         Sparc-Opts.
* SPARC support:                         Sparc-Dependent.
* special characters, M680x0:            M68K-Chars.
* special purpose registers, AMD 29K:    AMD29K-Regs.
* stabd directive:                       Stab.
* stabn directive:                       Stab.
* stabs directive:                       Stab.
* stabX directives:                      Stab.
* standard as sections:                  Secs Background.
* standard input, as input file:         Command Line.
* statement on multiple lines:           Statements.
* statement separator character:         Statements.
* statement separator, H8/300:           H8/300-Chars.
* statement separator, H8/500:           H8/500-Chars.
* statement separator, SH:               SH-Chars.
* statement separator, Z8000:            Z8000-Chars.
* statements, structure of:              Statements.
* statistics, about assembly:            statistics.
* stopping the assembly:                 Abort.
* string constants:                      Strings.
* string directive:                      String.
* string directive on HPPA:              HPPA Directives.
* string literals:                       Ascii.
* string, copying to object file:        String.
* structure debugging, COFF:             Tag.
* sub-instruction ordering, D10V:        D10V-Chars.
* sub-instructions, D10V:                D10V-Subs.
* subexpressions:                        Arguments.
* subtitles for listings:                Sbttl.
* subtraction, permitted arguments:      Infix Ops.
* summary of options:                    Overview.
* support:                               HPPA-Dependent.
* supporting files, including:           Include.
* suppressing warnings:                  W.
* sval:                                  Z8000 Directives.
* symbol attributes:                     Symbol Attributes.
* symbol attributes, a.out:              a.out Symbols.
* symbol attributes, COFF:               COFF Symbols.
* symbol attributes, SOM:                SOM Symbols.
* symbol descriptor, COFF:               Desc.
* symbol names:                          Symbol Names.
* symbol names, $ in <1>:                H8/500-Chars.
* symbol names, $ in <2>:                SH-Chars.
* symbol names, $ in:                    D10V-Chars.
* symbol names, local:                   Symbol Names.
* symbol names, temporary:               Symbol Names.
* symbol storage class (COFF):           Scl.
* symbol type:                           Symbol Type.
* symbol type, COFF:                     Type.
* symbol value:                          Symbol Value.
* symbol value, setting:                 Set.
* symbol values, assigning:              Setting Symbols.
* symbol versioning:                     Symver.
* symbol, common:                        Comm.
* symbol, making visible to linker:      Global.
* symbolic debuggers, information for:   Stab.
* symbols:                               Symbols.
* symbols with lowercase, VAX/VMS:       VAX-Opts.
* symbols, assigning values to:          Equ.
* symbols, local common:                 Lcomm.
* symver directive:                      Symver.
* syntax compatibility, i386:            i386-Syntax.
* syntax, D10V:                          D10V-Syntax.
* syntax, M680x0:                        M68K-Syntax.
* syntax, machine-independent:           Syntax.
* sysproc directive, i960:               Directives-i960.
* tab (\t):                              Strings.
* tag directive:                         Tag.
* temporary symbol names:                Symbol Names.
* text and data sections, joining:       R.
* text directive:                        Text.
* text section:                          Ld Sections.
* tfloat directive, i386:                i386-Float.
* time, total for assembly:              statistics.
* title directive:                       Title.
* trusted compiler:                      f.
* turning preprocessing on and off:      Preprocessing.
* type directive:                        Type.
* type of a symbol:                      Symbol Type.
* undefined section:                     Ld Sections.
* unsegm:                                Z8000 Directives.
* use directive, AMD 29K:                AMD29K Directives.
* val directive:                         Val.
* value attribute, COFF:                 Val.
* value of a symbol:                     Symbol Value.
* VAX bitfields not supported:           VAX-no.
* VAX branch improvement:                VAX-branch.
* VAX command-line options ignored:      VAX-Opts.
* VAX displacement sizing character:     VAX-operands.
* VAX floating point:                    VAX-float.
* VAX immediate character:               VAX-operands.
* VAX indirect character:                VAX-operands.
* VAX machine directives:                VAX-directives.
* VAX opcode mnemonics:                  VAX-opcodes.
* VAX operand notation:                  VAX-operands.
* VAX register names:                    VAX-operands.
* VAX support:                           Vax-Dependent.
* Vax-11 C compatibility:                VAX-Opts.
* VAX/VMS options:                       VAX-Opts.
* version of as:                         v.
* versions of symbols:                   Symver.
* VMS (VAX) options:                     VAX-Opts.
* warning for altered difference tables: K.
* warning messages:                      Errors.
* warnings, suppressing:                 W.
* whitespace:                            Whitespace.
* whitespace, removed by preprocessor:   Preprocessing.
* wide floating point directives, VAX:   VAX-directives.
* word directive:                        Word.
* word directive, H8/300:                H8/300 Directives.
* word directive, H8/500:                H8/500 Directives.
* word directive, i386:                  i386-Float.
* word directive, SH:                    SH Directives.
* word directive, SPARC:                 Sparc-Directives.
* writing patterns in memory:            Fill.
* wval:                                  Z8000 Directives.
* xword directive, SPARC:                Sparc-Directives.
* Z800 addressing modes:                 Z8000-Addressing.
* Z8000 directives:                      Z8000 Directives.
* Z8000 line comment character:          Z8000-Chars.
* Z8000 line separator:                  Z8000-Chars.
* Z8000 opcode summary:                  Z8000 Opcodes.
* Z8000 options:                         Z8000 Options.
* Z8000 registers:                       Z8000-Regs.
* Z8000 support:                         Z8000-Dependent.
* zero-terminated strings:               Asciz.



Tag Table:
Node: Top923
Node: Overview1582
Node: Manual9711
Node: GNU Assembler10650
Node: Object Formats11825
Node: Command Line12272
Node: Input Files13354
Node: Object15260
Node: Errors16207
Node: Invoking17404
Node: a18993
Node: D20327
Node: f20547
Node: I21050
Node: K21589
Node: L21888
Node: M22714
Node: o27102
Node: R27549
Node: statistics28565
Node: v28948
Node: W29208
Node: Z29790
Node: Syntax30305
Node: Preprocessing30895
Node: Whitespace32455
Node: Comments32845
Node: Symbol Intro34662
Node: Statements35345
Node: Constants37591
Node: Characters38217
Node: Strings38710
Node: Chars40863
Node: Numbers41604
Node: Integers42135
Node: Bignums42778
Node: Flonums43121
Node: Sections44759
Node: Secs Background45122
Node: Ld Sections50148
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Node: Acknowledgements252233
Node: Index256803

End Tag Table
