Windows NTServer - A superset of Windows NT, Windows NT Server provides centralized management and security, advanced fault tolerance, and additional connectivity. The Windows NT operating system, sometimes referred to as simply NT, is the high-end member of a family of operating systems from Microsoft. It is a completely self-contained operating system with a built-in graphical user interface. Windows NT is a 32-bit, preemptive multitasking operating system that features networking, symmetric multiprocessing, multithreading, and security. It is a portable operating system that can run on a variety of hardware platforms including those based on the Intel 80386, i486, and Pentium microprocessors and MIPS microprocessors; it can also run on multiprocessor computers. Windows NT supports up to 4 gigabytes of virtual memory and can run MS-DOS, POSIX, and OS/2 (character-mode) applications.
Net cards (Wireless) - A wireless expansion card or other device used to connect the computer to a local area network (LAN). You can use this term or the alternative network interface card (NIC) to refer to the printed circuit board in client and server computers that allows them to exchange data. Network adapter is more general and preferable in end-user documents, but whatever your choice, use it consistently and precisely.
UPS - Acronym for uninterruptible power supply. A device, connected between a computer (or other electronic equipment) and a power source (usually an outlet receptacle), that ensures that electrical flow to the computer is not interrupted because of a blackout and, in most cases, protects the computer against potentially damaging events, such as power surges and brownouts. All UPS units are equipped with a battery and a loss-of-power sensor; if the sensor detects a loss of power, it switches over to the battery so that the user has time to save his or her work and shut off the computer.
PDA - Acronym for Personal Digital Assistant. A lightweight palmtop computer designed to provide specific functions like personal organization (calendar, note taking, database, calculator, and so on) as well as communications. More advanced models also offer multimedia features. Many PDA devices rely on a pen or other pointing device for input instead of a keyboard or mouse, although some offer a keyboard too small for touch typing to use in conjunction with a pen or pointing device. For data storage, a PDA relies on flash memory instead of power-hungry disk drives.
Windows 2000 Router - An intermediary device on a communications network that expedites message delivery. On a single network linking many computers through a mesh of possible connections, a router receives transmitted messages and forwards them to their correct destinations over the most efficient available route. On an interconnected set of LANs (local area networks)--including those based on differing architectures and protocols--using the same communications protocols, a router serves the somewhat different function of acting as a link between LANs, enabling messages to be sent from one to another.
Domain Controller - In Windows NT, the master server that holds the directory services database that identifies all network users and resources.
Workstation, client, desktop - Workstation: A powerful stand-alone computer of the sort used in computer-aided design and other applications requiring a high-end, usually expensive, machine with considerable calculating or graphics capability.
Client: A computer that accesses shared network resources provided by another computer (called a server).
Desktop: An on-screen work area that uses icons and menus to simulate the top of a desk. A desktop is characteristic of the Apple Macintosh and of windowing programs such as Microsoft Windows. Its intent is to make a computer easier to use by enabling users to move pictures of objects and to start and stop tasks in much the same way as they would if they were working on a physical desktop.
Laptop- A small, portable personal computer that runs on either batteries or AC power, designed for use during travel. Laptops have flat LCD or plasma screens and small keyboards. Most can run the same software as their desktop counterparts and can accept similar peripherals, such as sound cards, internal or external modems, and floppy disks and CD-ROM drives. Some laptops are designed to be plugged into a docking station, effectively making them desktop computers. Most have connectors for plugging in external keyboards and full-sized monitors. Older laptops weighed as much as 15 pounds; current laptops can weigh as little as 5 pounds, without peripherals such as floppy disk or CD-ROM drives. While notebook is the current term for ultralight portable computers, these machines are also commonly referred to as laptops.
Scanner - An optical input device that uses light-sensing equipment to capture an image on paper or some other subject. The image is translated into a digital signal that can then be manipulated by optical character recognition (OCR) software or graphics software. Scanners come in a number of types, including flatbed (scan head passes over a stationary subject), feed (subject is pulled across a stationary scan head), drum (subject is rotated around a stationary scan head), and handheld (user passes device over a stationary subject).
Wiring Hub - The Ethernet hub or switch is a switchpoint for information to and from the server and clients or between clients. In a network, a device joining communication lines at a central location, providing a common connection to all devices on the network. The term is an analogy to the hub of a wheel.
Net card - An expansion card or other device used to connect the computer to a local area network (LAN). You can use this term or the alternative network interface card (NIC) to refer to the printed circuit board in client and server computers that allows them to exchange data. Network adapter is more general and preferable in end-user documents, but whatever your choice, use it consistently and precisely.
Process Failure - Failure: The inability of a computer system or related device to operate reliably or to operate at all. A common cause of system failure is loss of power, which can be minimized with a battery-powered backup source until all devices can be shut down. Within a system, electronic failures generally occur early in the life of a system or component and can often be produced by burning in the equipment (leaving it turned on constantly) for a few hours or days. Mechanical failures are difficult to predict but are most likely to affect devices, such as disk drives, that have moving parts. A program failure; a failure in the coherent sequence of steps undertaken by a program.
Outbox/Inbox - Outbox: In many e-mail applications, the default mailbox where the program stores outgoing messages. Inbox: In many e-mail applications, the default mailbox where the program stores incoming messages.
Tape Drive - A device for reading and writing tapes.
Mac Client - Do not shorten to Mac. According to the Apple publications style guide, Macintosh is most correctly used as an adjective, as in Macintosh computer. If you use it as a noun, always precede it with an article or possessive pronoun such as the Macintosh or your Macintosh. Network language for the Macintosh differs from that of the personal computer. Use the terms zone, file server, and shared disk to refer to what users select to get information shared on a network. Use colons with no spaces to separate zones, file servers, shared disks, folders, and file names. File names have no extension.
Switch - A circuit element that has two states: on and off. 2. A control device that allows the user to choose one of two or more possible states. 3. In communications, a computer or electromechanical device that controls routing and operation of a signal path. 4. In networking, a device capable of forwarding packets directly to the ports associated with particular network addresses. 5. In operating systems such as MS-DOS, an argument used to control the execution of a command or an application, typically starting with a slash character (/).
User Account - On a secure or multiuser computer system, an established means for an individual to gain access to the system and its resources. Usually created by the system's administrator, a user account consists of information about the user, such as password, rights, and permissions.
Tablet PC
Fax - Short for facsimile. The transmission of text or graphics over telephone lines in digitized form. Conventional fax machines scan an original document, transmit an image of the document as a bit map, and reproduce the received image on a printer. Resolution and encoding are standardized in the CCITT Groups 1-4 recommendations. Fax images can also be sent and received by microcomputers equipped with fax hardware and software. Okay to use as a noun ("your fax arrived"), an adjective ("fax machine," "fax transmission"), or a verb ("fax a copy of the order"). Do not use FAX.
Printer - A computer peripheral that puts text or a computer-generated image on paper or on another medium, such as a transparency film. Printers can be categorized in any of several ways: impact versus nonimpact; print technology; character formation; method of transmission; method of printing; print capability; and print quality. Local Printer: A printer that is directly connected to one of the ports on your computer.
Router or I/P Router - An intermediary device on a communications network that expedites message delivery. On a single network linking many computers through a mesh of possible connections, a router receives transmitted messages and forwards them to their correct destinations over the most efficient available route. On an interconnected set of LANs (local area networks)--including those based on differing architectures and protocols--using the same communications protocols, a router serves the somewhat different function of acting as a link between LANs, enabling messages to be sent from one to another. See also bridge, gateway.
Certificate (digital certificate) - An assurance that software downloaded from the Internet comes from a reputable source. A digital certificate provides information about the software-such as the identity of the author and the date on which the software was registered with a certificate authority (CA), as well as a measure of tamper-resistance.
Automated Library - Tape and disk libraries contain a collection of media and one or more drive units. The capacities can range from just a few tapes or disks to many thousands. Robotic devices move the media from a storage location to one or more drives. The libraries are often referred to as drive arrays, clusters, or tape or disk jukeboxes.
Security (Generic) - Protection of a computer system or network and its data from harm or loss. A major focus of computer security, especially on systems that are accessed by many people or through communications lines, is the prevention of system access by unauthorized individuals.
Tape, Tape Backup - A thin strip of polyester film coated with magnetic material that permits the recording of data. Because tape is a continuous length of data storage material and because the read/write head cannot "jump" to a desired point on the tape without the tape first being advanced to that point, tape must be read or written sequentially, not randomly (as can be done on a floppy disk or a hard disk).
Modem Bank - A collection of modems connected to a server maintained by an ISP or the operator of a BBS or remote-access LAN. Most modem banks are configured to allow a remote user to dial a single phone number that routes calls to an available phone number on the bank.
Tunnel - To encapsulate or wrap a packet or a message from one protocol in the packet for another. The wrapped packet is then transmitted over a network via the protocol of the wrapper. This method of packet transmission is used to avoid protocol restrictions. See also packet, communications protocol.
Terminal - 1. In networking, a device consisting of a video adapter, a monitor, and a keyboard. The adapter and monitor and, sometimes, the keyboard are typically combined in a single unit. A terminal does little or no computer processing on its own; instead, it is connected to a computer with a communications link over a cable. Terminals are used primarily in multiuser systems and today are not often found on single-user personal computers. 2. In electronics, a point that can be physically linked to something else, usually by a wire, to form an electrical connection.
Active Directory - A Microsoft technology, part of the Active Platform, that is designed to enable applications to find, use, and manage directory resources (for example, user names, network printers, and permissions) in a distributed computing environment. Distributed environments are usually heterogeneous collections of networks that often run proprietary directory services from different providers. To simplify directory-related activities associated with locating and administering network users and resources, Active Directory presents applications with a single set of interfaces that eliminates the need to deal with differences between and among these proprietary services. Active Directory is a component of the Windows Open Services Architecture (WOSA).
E-mail (1): The exchange of text messages and computer files over a communications network, such as a local area network or the Internet, usually between computers or terminals. E-mail (2):An electronic text message.
Security Key - In encryption and digital signatures, a string of bits used for encrypting and decrypting information to be transmitted. Encryption commonly relies on two different types of keys, a public key known to more than one person (say, both the sender and the receiver) and a private key known only to one person (typically, the sender).
Not Secure - not protected against unauthorized access, operation, or use by means of isolation from the public network, encryption, or other forms of control.
Access Token (token ring) - Used for security purposes, and Access Token contains encapsulated information about a user account including the name of the account and the account security identifier as well as any special access privileges. A LAN (local area network) formed in a ring (closed loop) topology that uses token passing as a means of regulating traffic on the line. On a token ring network, a token governing the right to transmit is passed from one station to the next in a physical circle. If a station has information to transmit, it "seizes" the token, marks it as being in use, and inserts the information. The "busy" token, plus message, is then passed around the circle, copied when it arrives at its destination, and eventually returned to the sender. The sender removes the attached message and then passes the freed token to the next station in line. Token ring networks are defined in the IEEE 802.5 standards.
Script - A program consisting of a set of instructions to an application or utility program. The instructions usually use the rules and syntax of the application or utility. On the World Wide Web, scripts are commonly used to customize or add interactivity to Web pages. See also macro.
Cell Phone - A mobile radio telephone that uses a network of short-range transmitters in overlapping cells and a central station to connect to telephone lines.
Firewall - A security system intended to protect an organization's network against external threats, such as hackers, coming from another network, such as the Internet. Usually a combination of hardware and software, a firewall prevents computers in the organization's network from communicating directly with computers external to the network and vice versa. Instead, all communication is routed through a proxy server outside of the organization's network, and the proxy server decides whether it is safe to let a particular message or file pass through to the organization's network.
Output/Input Filter - Filters: A series of definitions that indicate to a router the type of traffic allowed or disallowed on each interface. Input filters define incoming traffic. Output filters define the traffic that is allowed to be sent.
CD (CD-ROM) - is the acronym for compact disc read-only memory. A form of storage characterized by high capacity (roughly 650 megabytes) and the use of laser optics rather than magnetic means for reading data. When referring to the disc itself, use CD-ROM, compact disc, or disc (not disk). Also consider CD-R, CD-RW, and DVD for other types of discs. Do not use the redundant CD-ROM disc.
Database - A file composed of records, each containing fields together with a set of operations for searching, sorting, recombining, and other functions. Any collection of data organized for storage and access by computers. The data may be text, numbers, or images. Government, military, and industrial databases are often highly restricted, and professional databases are usually of limited interest. A wide range of commercial, governmental, and nonprofit databases are available to the general public, however, and may be used by anyone who owns or has access to the equipment that they require. Databases became commercially available in the 1960s, but their availability was limited. On-line databases, available to anyone who could link to them, first appeared in the 1970s. Relational Database: Type of computer database or database management system that stores information in tables
rows and columns of data
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File Folders - In the Macintosh environment, this refers to a folder for which you have the Make Changes permission but not the See Files or See Folders permission. You can copy files into a drop folder, but you cannot see what files and subfolders the drop folder contains. A type of container of objects (typically files). In general, for graphical programs from Windows 95 and later, use folder to refer to what used to be called a directory or subdirectory. Folders are represented on the interface by a folder icon, and the term is based on the analogy that a folder stores other folders and documents of various types. Reserve directory for specific references to the structure of the file system, particularly in non-graphical programs such as MS-DOS and in programming documents. Note: Not all folders replace directories. For example, the Printers and Control Panel programs are also folders. Describe the nature of the folder, if necessary.
Cluster Server - A group of independent computers that work together as a single system. A server cluster presents the appearance of a single server to a client.
Server farm - A group of independent computers.
Generic Labels - Used to depict file layering and other abstract data exchanges.
Hard Disk (hard disk drive) - A device containing one or more inflexible platters coated with material in which data can be recorded magnetically, together with their read/write heads, the head-positioning mechanism, and the spindle motor in a sealed case that protects against outside contaminants. The protected environment allows the head to fly 10 to 25 millionths of an inch above the surface of a platter rotating typically at 3,600 to 7,200 rpm; therefore, much more data can be stored and accessed much more quickly than on a floppy disk. Most hard disks contain from two to eight platters.
Document: Any self-contained piece of work created with an application program and, if saved on disk, given a unique filename by which it can be retrieved.
Data Jack (Jack) - A connector designed to receive a plug. A jack is commonly used in making audio and video connections. Phone Connector: An attachment, usually a RJ-11 connector, used to join a telephone line to a device such as a modem.
Digital Camera - A type of camera that stores photographed images electronically instead of on traditional film. A digital camera uses a CCD (charge-coupled device) element to capture the image through the lens when the operator releases the shutter in the camera; circuitry within the camera then stores the image captured by the CCD in a storage medium such as solid-state memory or a hard disk. After the image has been captured, it is downloaded by cable to the computer using software supplied with the camera. Once stored in the computer, the image can be manipulated and processed much like the image from a scanner or related input device.
Transceiver - Short for transmitter/receiver. A device that can both transmit and receive signals. On LANs (local area networks), a transceiver is the device that connects a computer to the network and that converts signals to and from parallel and serial form.
Interface - The point at which a connection is made between two elements so that they can work with each other or exchange information.
Alphas and Numbers - used in conceptual diagrams to highlight a series of processes or sequence of steps.
Generic Server - 1. On a local area network (LAN), a computer running administrative software that controls access to the network and its resources, such as printers and disk drives, and provides resources to computers functioning as workstations on the network. 2. On the Internet or other network, a computer or program that responds to commands from a client. For example, a file server may contain an archive of data or program files; when a client submits a request for a file, the server transfers a copy of the file to the client.
Modem: Short for modulator/demodulator. A communications device that enables a computer to transmit information over a standard telephone line. Because a computer is digital (works with discrete electrical signals representing binary 1 and binary 0) and a telephone line is analog (carries a signal that can have any of a large number of variations), modems are needed to convert digital to analog and vice versa.
Shadowed Router - A router with a back up router.
Internet - The worldwide collection of networks and gateways that use the TCP/IP suite of protocols to communicate with one another. At the heart of the Internet is a backbone of high-speed data communication lines between major nodes or host computers, consisting of thousands of commercial, government, educational, and other computer systems, that route data and messages. One or more Internet nodes can go off line without endangering the Internet as a whole or causing communications on the Internet to stop, because no single computer or network controls it. The genesis of the Internet was a decentralized network called ARPANET created by the Department of Defense in 1969 to facilitate communications in the event of a nuclear attack. Eventually other networks, including BITNET, Usenet, UUCP, and NSFnet, were connected to ARPANET. Currently, the Internet offers a range of services to users, such as FTP, e-mail, the World Wide Web, Usenet news, Gopher, IRC, telnet, and others.
Variety of Domains - 1. In database design and management, the set of valid values for a given attribute. For example, the domain for the attribute AREA-CODE might be the list of all valid three-digit numeric telephone area codes in the United States. 2. For Windows NT Advanced Server, a collection of computers that share a common domain database and security policy. Each domain has a unique name. 3. In the Internet and other networks, the highest subdivision of a domain name in a network address, which identifies the type of entity owning the address (for example, .com for commercial users or .edu for educational institutions) or the geographical location of the address (for example, .fr for France or .sg for Singapore). The domain is the last part of the address (for example, www.acm.org).
Mainframe, host, midsize - A high-level, typically large and expensive computer designed to handle intensive computational tasks. Mainframe computers are characterized by their ability to simultaneously support many users connected to the computer by terminals. The name is derived from "main frame", the cabinet originally used to house the processing unit of such computers. Host: The main computer in a mainframe or minicomputer environment, that is, the computer to which terminals are connected.
Graph: A graphic or diagram that displays data or the relationships between sets of data in pictorial rather than numeric form.
Packets - A transmission unit of fixed maximum size that consists of binary information representing both data and a header containing an ID number, source and destination addresses, and error-control data. Data Frame: Logical structured packets in which data can be placed. The Data Link layer packages raw bits from the Physical layer into data frames. The exact format of the frame used by the network depends on the topology. I/O request packet (IRP): Data structures that drivers use to communicate with each other.
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Mainframe (mainframe computer) - A high-level, typically large and expensive computer designed to handle intensive computational tasks. Mainframe computers are characterized by their ability to simultaneously support many users connected to the computer by terminals. The name is derived from "main frame", the cabinet originally used to house the processing unit of such computers. See also computer, supercomputer.
Intranet - A private network based on Internet protocols such as TCP/IP but designed for information management within a company or organization. Its uses include such services as document distribution, software distribution, access to databases, and training. An intranet is so called because it looks like a World Wide Web site and is based on the same technologies, yet is strictly internal to the organization and is not connected to the Internet proper. Some internets also offer access to the Internet, but such connections are directed through a firewall that protects the internal network from the external Web.
Connectors: ISDN, RAS, etc. - A physical link via wire, fiber-optic cable, or other medium between two or more communications devices.
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